The emerging role of bio-based nanocomposites in sustainable engineering applications: Current progress and future directions

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable materials has advanced bio-based nanocomposites that merge renewable polymers like poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and nanocellulose with nanotechnology to achieve superior mechanical and eco-friendly performance.  This paper shows recent advances and the emerging role of novel nanomaterials such as graphene, silica, and nanocellulose, while addressing challenges of compatibility, biodegradation control, and scalable green synthesis. Overcoming these issues through integrated sustainable approaches is vital for expanding their industrial and biomedical applications within a circular and eco-friendly materials framework.