1 State of the art review of photocatalytic water treatment https://jourcc.com/index.php/jourcc/article/view/jcc517 10.52547.jcc.5.1.7 1 Supplying clean water is a significant problem in contemporary societies. The rise of industrialization and urbanization, coupled with population growth have caused a shortage of clean water supplies, and the disparity between pure water demand and availability is expected to worsen. For this reason, the need to treat water impacted by emergent organic contaminants (EOCs) and inorganic pollutants has become a primary worldwide concern. The most promising approach for water treatment is the use of primary photocatalytic oxidation processes. The paper begins by outlining the issue of scarce water supplies and the many methods of purification, including photocatalysis using semiconductors like metal oxides, graphene oxides, and MOFs. Moreover, the articles also review published research on the application of these photocatalysts materials for the degradation of pollutants from water. Finally, the article provides an overview of photocatalytic water treatment technology, discussing the basic mechanism of photocatalysis and nanobased photocatalysts used for the degradation of organic pollutants in water and wastewater. 51 63 Ahmed Abdelaal Port Said University Egypt info@jourcc.com Farzin Banei Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Iran M.Mousavi@semnan.ac.ir Angelo Fenti University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy angelo.fenti@unicampania.it Maryam Nili Ahmadababdi Tarbiat Modares University Iran info@jourcc.com Miguel Martín-Sómer Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Spain info@jourcc.com Photocatalysis Water Treatment Metal Oxides Metal organic frameworks Carbon Materials Nanocellulose Article7.pdf [1] H. Dai et al., “Recent advances on ZIF-8 composites for adsorption and photocatalytic wastewater pollutant removal: Fabrication, applications and perspective,” vol. 441, p. 213985, 2021.##[2] P. Iovino, A. Fenti, S. Galoppo, M. S. Najafinejad, S. Chianese, and D. J. M. Musmarra, “Electrochemical Removal of Nitrogen Compounds from a Simulated Saline Wastewater,” vol. 28, no. 3, p. 1306, 2023.##[3] J. Qu, M. J. C. r. i. e. s. Fan, and technology, “The current state of water quality and technology development for water pollution control in China,” vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 519-560, 2010.##[4] D. Lapworth, N. Baran, M. Stuart, and R. J. E. p. Ward, “Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and occurrence,” vol. 163, pp. 287-303, 2012.##[5] W. Liang, B. Wang, J. Cheng, D. Xiao, Z. Xie, and J. J. J. o. H. M. Zhao, “3D, eco-friendly metal-organic frameworks@ carbon nanotube aerogels composite materials for removal of pesticides in water,” vol. 401, p. 123718, 2021.##[6] A. Fenti et al., “Performance testing of mesh anodes for in situ electrochemical oxidation of PFAS,” vol. 9, p. 100205, 2022.##[7] L. Joseph et al., “Removal of contaminants of emerging concern by metal-organic framework nanoadsorbents: A review,” vol. 369, pp. 928-946, 2019.##[8] A. K. Verma, R. R. Dash, and P. J. J. o. e. m. Bhunia, “A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters,” vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 154-168, 2012.##[9] N. Savage and M. S. J. J. o. N. r. Diallo, “Nanomaterials and water purification: opportunities and challenges,” vol. 7, pp. 331-342, 2005.##[10] S. Salvestrini, A. Fenti, S. Chianese, P. Iovino, and D. J. J. o. E. C. E. Musmarra, “Diclofenac sorption from synthetic water: Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis,” vol. 8, no. 5, p. 104105, 2020.##[11] G. Montes-Hernandez, N. Concha-Lozano, F. Renard, and E. J. J. o. H. M. Quirico, “Removal of oxyanions from synthetic wastewater via carbonation process of calcium hydroxide: Applied and fundamental aspects,” vol. 166, no. 2-3, pp. 788-795, 2009.##[12] Y. G. Solozhenko, N. Soboleva, V. J. J. o. W. C. Goncharuk, and Technology, “Physical Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes-Use of the H2O2-Fe2+ (Fe3+) catalytic system in removing organic compounds from water,” vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1-16, 2004.##[13] R. V. Prihod’ko and N. M. J. J. o. C. Soboleva, “Photocatalysis: Oxidative processes in water treatment,” vol. 2013, 2013.##[14] M. Tanveer, G. T. J. R. Guyer, and S. E. Reviews, “Solar assisted photo degradation of wastewater by compound parabolic collectors: Review of design and operational parameters,” vol. 24, pp. 534-543, 2013.##[15] L.-Y. Yang, S.-Y. Dong, J.-H. Sun, J.-L. Feng, Q.-H. Wu, and S.-P. J. J. o. h. m. Sun, “Microwave-assisted preparation, characterization and photocatalytic properties of a dumbbell-shaped ZnO photocatalyst,” vol. 179, no. 1-3, pp. 438-443, 2010.##[16] P. Fageria, S. Gangopadhyay, and S. J. R. A. Pande, “Synthesis of ZnO/Au and ZnO/Ag nanoparticles and their photocatalytic application using UV and visible light,” vol. 4, no. 48, pp. 24962-24972, 2014.##[17] S. Balachandran, S. G. Praveen, R. Velmurugan, and M. J. R. A. Swaminathan, “Facile fabrication of highly efficient, reusable heterostructured Ag–ZnO–CdO and its twin applications of dye degradation under natural sunlight and self-cleaning,” vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 4353-4362, 2014.##[18] S. Dong et al., “Recent developments in heterogeneous photocatalytic water treatment using visible light-responsive photocatalysts: a review,” vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 14610-14630, 2015.##[19] S. Bhattacharya, A. Mazumder, D. Sen, C. J. D. B. Bhattacharjee, Mechanisms, and T. R. Advances, “Bioremediation of Dye Using Mesophilic Bacteria: Mechanism and Parametric Influence,” pp. 67-86, 2022.##[20] Q. Zheng, H. Shen, D. J. E. S. W. R. Shuai, and Technology, “Emerging investigators series: advances and challenges of graphitic carbon nitride as a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for sustainable water purification,” vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 982-1001, 2017.##[21] A. Kumar, P. Raizada, P. Singh, R. V. Saini, A. K. Saini, and A. J. C. E. J. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, “Perspective and status of polymeric graphitic carbon nitride based Z-scheme photocatalytic systems for sustainable photocatalytic water purification,” vol. 391, p. 123496, 2020.##[22] J. C. Colmenares and R. J. C. S. R. Luque, “Heterogeneous photocatalytic nanomaterials: prospects and challenges in selective transformations of biomass-derived compounds,” vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 765-778, 2014.##[23] X. Li, R. Shen, S. Ma, X. Chen, and J. J. A. S. S. Xie, “Graphene-based heterojunction photocatalysts,” vol. 430, pp. 53-107, 2018.##[24] Z. Zeng, Y.-B. Li, S. Chen, P. Chen, and F.-X. Xiao, “Insight into the charge transport correlation in Auₓ clusters and graphene quantum dots deposited on TiO₂ nanotubes for photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution,” 2018.##[25] P. Singh et al., “Photocatalytic mineralization of antibiotics using 60% WO3/BiOCl stacked to graphene sand composite and chitosan,” vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4627-4645, 2019.##[26] V. Hasija et al., “Recent advances in noble metal free doped graphitic carbon nitride based nanohybrids for photocatalysis of organic contaminants in water: a review,” vol. 15, pp. 494-524, 2019.##[27] J. Yi, W. El-Alami, Y. Song, H. Li, P. M. Ajayan, and H. J. C. E. J. Xu, “Emerging surface strategies on graphitic carbon nitride for solar driven water splitting,” vol. 382, p. 122812, 2020.##[28] R. I. J. J. o. W. E. Harris and I. Aerodynamics, “Discussion of “The annual rate of independent events for the analysis of extreme wind speed” by Alessio Torrielli, Maria Pia Repetto and, Giovanni Solari,” vol. 100, no. 164, pp. 174-178, 2017.##[29] Y. Chao et al., “Ni1− xCoxSe2 C/ZnIn2S4 Hybrid Nanocages with Strong 2D/2D Hetero‐Interface Interaction Enable Efficient H2‐Releasing Photocatalysis,” vol. 31, no. 24, p. 2100923, 2021.##[30] M. Chong, B. Jin, C. Chow, and C. J. W. R. Saint, “New developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review,” vol. 44, pp. 2997-3027, 2010.##[31] K. M. Lee, C. W. Lai, K. S. Ngai, and J. C. J. W. r. Juan, “Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: a review,” vol. 88, pp. 428-448, 2016.##[32] A. Kudo and Y. J. C. S. R. Miseki, “Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting,” vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 253-278, 2009.##[33] V. N. Lad and Z. V. P. Murthy, “Advanced materials for photocatalytic applications: the challenge ahead,” in Handbook of Smart Photocatalytic Materials, C. Mustansar Hussain and A. K. Mishra, Eds.: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 3-8.##[34] S. Anisuzzaman, C. G. Joseph, C. K. Pang, N. A. Affandi, S. N. Maruja, and V. J. C. Vijayan, “Current Trends in the Utilization of Photolysis and Photocatalysis Treatment Processes for the Remediation of Dye Wastewater: A Short Review,” vol. 6, no. 4, p. 58, 2022.##[35] Y. Ma, X. Wang, Y. Jia, X. Chen, H. Han, and C. J. C. r. Li, “Titanium dioxide-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic fuel generations,” vol. 114, no. 19, pp. 9987-10043, 2014.##[36] C. J. A. C. A. G. Hariharan, “Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in water by ZnO nanoparticles: Revisited,” vol. 304, pp. 55-61, 2006.##[37] R. J. Tayade, R. G. Kulkarni, R. V. J. I. Jasra, and E. C. Research, “Transition metal ion impregnated mesoporous TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants in water,” vol. 45, no. 15, pp. 5231-5238, 2006.##[38] N. Harun et al., “Photocatalytic degradation of Congo red dye based on titanium dioxide using solar and UV lamp,” vol. 10, no. 1S, pp. 832-846, 2018.##[39] M. Amini and M. J. N. R. Ashrafi, “Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation using TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles,” vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 79-86, 2016.##[40] M. Guo et al., “ZnO and TiO2 1D nanostructures for photocatalytic applications,” vol. 509, no. 4, pp. 1328-1332, 2011.##[41] K. Kanade et al., “Self-assembled aligned Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation,” vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 98-104, 2007.##[42] R. Ullah and J. J. J. o. H. m. Dutta, “Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with manganese-doped ZnO nanoparticles,” vol. 156, no. 1-3, pp. 194-200, 2008.##[43] B. Donkova, D. Dimitrov, M. Kostadinov, E. Mitkova, D. J. M. C. Mehandjiev, and Physics, “Catalytic and photocatalytic activity of lightly doped catalysts M: ZnO (M= Cu, Mn),” vol. 123, no. 2-3, pp. 563-568, 2010.##[44] D. Zhang et al., “The photodegradation of methylene blue in water with PVDF/GO/ZnO composite membrane,” vol. 96, pp. 684-692, 2019.##[45] W. A. El-Yazeed and A. I. J. I. C. C. Ahmed, “Photocatalytic activity of mesoporous WO3/TiO2 nanocomposites for the photodegradation of methylene blue,” vol. 105, pp. 102-111, 2019.##[46] D. Matsunami, K. Yamanaka, T. Mizoguchi, K. J. J. o. P. Kojima, and P. A. Chemistry, “Comparison of photodegradation of methylene blue using various TiO2 films and WO3 powders under ultraviolet and visible-light irradiation,” vol. 369, pp. 106-114, 2019.##[47] M. M. Sabzehmeidani, H. Karimi, and M. J. A. O. C. Ghaedi, “Electrospinning preparation of NiO/ZnO composite nanofibers for photodegradation of binary mixture of rhodamine B and methylene blue in aqueous solution: central composite optimization,” vol. 32, no. 6, p. e4335, 2018.##[48] P. Labhane, V. Huse, L. Patle, A. Chaudhari, G. J. J. o. M. S. Sonawane, and C. Engineering, “Synthesis of Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles: crystallographic, optical, FTIR, morphological and photocatalytic study,” vol. 3, no. 07, p. 39, 2015.##[49] M. Fu, Y. Li, P. Lu, J. Liu, and F. J. A. S. S. Dong, “Sol–gel preparation and enhanced photocatalytic performance of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles,” vol. 258, no. 4, pp. 1587-1591, 2011.##[50] M. Thiruppathi et al., “Ce@ TiO2 nanocomposites: An efficient, stable and affordable photocatalyst for the photodegradation of diclofenac sodium,” vol. 735, pp. 728-734, 2018.##[51] O. Nasr, O. Mohamed, A.-S. Al-Shirbini, A.-M. J. J. o. P. Abdel-Wahab, and P. A. Chemistry, “Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen over Ag, Au and Pt loaded TiO2 using solar light,” vol. 374, pp. 185-193, 2019.##[52] R. Zanella, E. Avella, R. M. Ramírez-Zamora, F. Castillón-Barraza, and J. C. J. E. t. Durán-Álvarez, “Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole by deposition of Au, Ag and Cu metallic nanoparticles on TiO2,” vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 2353-2364, 2018.##[53] Z. A. M. Hir, P. Moradihamedani, A. H. Abdullah, and M. A. J. M. S. i. S. P. Mohamed, “Immobilization of TiO2 into polyethersulfone matrix as hybrid film photocatalyst for effective degradation of methyl orange dye,” vol. 57, pp. 157-165, 2017.##[54] S. Das et al., “Disinfection of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli by solar-photocatalysis using Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles,” vol. 7, no. 1, p. 104, 2017.##[55] C. Xu et al., “Preparation of ZnO/Cu2O compound photocatalyst and application in treating organic dyes,” vol. 176, no. 1-3, pp. 807-813, 2010.##[56] C. Wang, B.-Q. Xu, X. Wang, and J. J. J. o. S. S. C. Zhao, “Preparation and photocatalytic activity of ZnO/TiO2/SnO2 mixture,” vol. 178, no. 11, pp. 3500-3506, 2005.##[57] R. Daghrir, P. Drogui, D. J. I. Robert, and E. C. Research, “Modified TiO2 for environmental photocatalytic applications: a review,” vol. 52, no. 10, pp. 3581-3599, 2013.##[58] G. Cinelli et al., “Photocatalytic degradation of a model textile dye using Carbon-doped titanium dioxide and visible light,” vol. 20, pp. 71-77, 2017.##[59] Y. Zhang, T. R Nayak, H. Hong, and W. J. C. m. m. Cai, “Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanomaterials,” vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1633-1645, 2013.##[60] K. Milenova et al., “The effect of introducing copper dopant on the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles,” vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 259-264, 2013.##[61] E. Sharmin and F. Zafar, “Introductory chapter: metal organic frameworks (MOFs),” in Metal-organic frameworks: IntechOpen, 2016.##[62] M. Alhamami, H. Doan, and C.-H. J. M. Cheng, “A review on breathing behaviors of metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) for gas adsorption,” vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3198-3250, 2014.##[63] J. D. Evans et al., “Metal–organic frameworks in Germany: From synthesis to function,” vol. 380, pp. 378-418, 2019.##[64] J.-D. Xiao and H.-L. J. A. o. C. R. Jiang, “Metal–organic frameworks for photocatalysis and photothermal catalysis,” vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 356-366, 2018.##[65] H. Furukawa, K. E. Cordova, M. O’Keeffe, and O. M. J. S. Yaghi, “The chemistry and applications of metal-organic frameworks,” vol. 341, no. 6149, p. 1230444, 2013.##[66] A. Kirchon, L. Feng, H. F. Drake, E. A. Joseph, and H.-C. J. C. S. R. Zhou, “From fundamentals to applications: a toolbox for robust and multifunctional MOF materials,” vol. 47, no. 23, pp. 8611-8638, 2018.##[67] D. J. Tranchemontagne, K. S. Park, H. Furukawa, J. Eckert, C. B. Knobler, and O. M. J. T. J. o. P. C. C. Yaghi, “Hydrogen storage in new metal–organic frameworks,” vol. 116, no. 24, pp. 13143-13151, 2012.##[68] C. Zhang, L. Ai, and J. J. J. o. M. C. A. Jiang, “Solvothermal synthesis of MIL–53 (Fe) hybrid magnetic composites for photoelectrochemical water oxidation and organic pollutant photodegradation under visible light,” vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 3074-3081, 2015.##[69] J.-J. Du et al., “New photocatalysts based on MIL-53 metal–organic frameworks for the decolorization of methylene blue dye,” vol. 190, no. 1-3, pp. 945-951, 2011.##[70] J. Gascon et al., “Isoreticular MOFs as efficient photocatalysts with tunable band gap: an operando FTIR study of the photoinduced oxidation of propylene,” vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 981-983, 2008.##[71] Y. Wu, H. Luo, L. J. E. S. Zhang, and P. Research, “Pd nanoparticles supported on MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide photocatalyst: an efficient and recyclable photocatalyst for triphenylmethane dye degradation,” vol. 22, pp. 17238-17243, 2015.##[72] X. Liu et al., “A sandwich-like heterostructure of TiO2 nanosheets with MIL-100 (Fe): a platform for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysis,” vol. 209, pp. 506-513, 2017.##[73] Y. Han et al., “Fabrication of AgI/MIL‐53 (Fe) Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Rhodamine B Degradation under Visible Light Irradiation,” vol. 32, no. 5, p. e4325, 2018.##[74] J. Qiu, X. Zhang, Y. Feng, X. Zhang, H. Wang, and J. J. A. C. B. E. Yao, “Modified metal-organic frameworks as photocatalysts,” vol. 231, pp. 317-342, 2018.##[75] T. Araya et al., “Resin modified MIL-53 (Fe) MOF for improvement of photocatalytic performance,” vol. 203, pp. 768-777, 2017.##[76] L. Zeng, X. Guo, C. He, and C. J. A. C. Duan, “Metal–organic frameworks: versatile materials for heterogeneous photocatalysis,” vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 7935-7947, 2016.##[77] V. K. Sharma and M. J. J. o. h. m. Feng, “Water depollution using metal-organic frameworks-catalyzed advanced oxidation processes: a review,” vol. 372, pp. 3-16, 2019.##[78] K. J. C. Sing, S. A. Physicochemical, and E. Aspects, “The use of nitrogen adsorption for the characterisation of porous materials,” vol. 187, pp. 3-9, 2001.##[79] M. Alvaro, E. Carbonell, B. Ferrer, F. X. Llabrés i Xamena, and H. J. C. A. E. J. Garcia, “Semiconductor behavior of a metal‐organic framework (MOF),” vol. 13, no. 18, pp. 5106-5112, 2007.##[80] S. Hausdorf, J. r. Wagler, R. Moβig, and F. O. J. T. J. o. P. C. A. Mertens, “Proton and water activity-controlled structure formation in zinc carboxylate-based metal organic frameworks,” vol. 112, no. 33, pp. 7567-7576, 2008.##[81] K. G. Laurier, F. Vermoortele, R. Ameloot, D. E. De Vos, J. Hofkens, and M. B. J. J. o. t. A. C. S. Roeffaers, “Iron (III)-based metal–organic frameworks as visible light photocatalysts,” vol. 135, no. 39, pp. 14488-14491, 2013.##[82] Y. Cui, J. Zhang, H. He, and G. J. C. S. R. Qian, “Photonic functional metal–organic frameworks,” vol. 47, no. 15, pp. 5740-5785, 2018.##[83] L. Shi et al., “An amine‐functionalized iron (III) metal–organic framework as efficient visible‐light photocatalyst for Cr (VI) reduction,” vol. 2, no. 3, p. 1500006, 2015.##[84] R. Liang, S. Luo, F. Jing, L. Shen, N. Qin, and L. J. A. C. B. E. Wu, “A simple strategy for fabrication of Pd@ MIL-100 (Fe) nanocomposite as a visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs),” vol. 176, pp. 240-248, 2015.##[85] S. Mosleh and M. R. J. U. S. Rahimi, “Intensification of abamectin pesticide degradation using the combination of ultrasonic cavitation and visible-light driven photocatalytic process: synergistic effect and optimization study,” vol. 35, pp. 449-457, 2017.##[86] A. K. Geim and K. S. J. N. m. Novoselov, “The rise of graphene,” vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 183-191, 2007.##[87] A. S. Mayorov et al., “Micrometer-scale ballistic transport in encapsulated graphene at room temperature,” vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 2396-2399, 2011.##[88] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, and R. S. J. N. l. Ruoff, “Graphene-based ultracapacitors,” vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 3498-3502, 2008.##[89] X. Li et al., “Transfer of large-area graphene films for high-performance transparent conductive electrodes,” vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 4359-4363, 2009.##[90] J.-U. Lee, D. Yoon, and H. J. N. l. Cheong, “Estimation of Young’s modulus of graphene by Raman spectroscopy,” vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 4444-4448, 2012.##[91] S. Chen et al., “Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified graphene,” vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 203-207, 2012.##[92] J. Moser, A. Barreiro, and A. J. A. P. L. Bachtold, “Current-induced cleaning of graphene,” vol. 91, no. 16, p. 163513, 2007.##[93] X. Wang, L. Zhi, and K. J. N. l. Müllen, “Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells,” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 323-327, 2008.##[94] P. Blake et al., “Graphene-based liquid crystal device,” vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1704-1708, 2008.##[95] M. F. El-Kady, V. Strong, S. Dubin, and R. B. J. S. Kaner, “Laser scribing of high-performance and flexible graphene-based electrochemical capacitors,” vol. 335, no. 6074, pp. 1326-1330, 2012.##[96] K. C. Kemp et al., “Environmental applications using graphene composites: water remediation and gas adsorption,” vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 3149-3171, 2013.##[97] O. Akhavan and E. J. A. n. Ghaderi, “Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria,” vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 5731-5736, 2010.##[98] R. K. Upadhyay, N. Soin, and S. S. J. R. a. Roy, “Role of graphene/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: a review,” vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 3823-3851, 2014.##[99] D. Y. Lyon, L. Brunet, G. W. Hinkal, M. R. Wiesner, and P. J. J. N. l. Alvarez, “Antibacterial activity of fullerene water suspensions (nC60) is not due to ROS-mediated damage,” vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1539-1543, 2008.##[100] C. D. Vecitis, K. R. Zodrow, S. Kang, and M. J. A. n. Elimelech, “Electronic-structure-dependent bacterial cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes,” vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 5471-5479, 2010.##[101] Y. Yang, L. Ren, C. Zhang, S. Huang, T. J. A. a. m. Liu, and interfaces, “Facile fabrication of functionalized graphene sheets (FGS)/ZnO nanocomposites with photocatalytic property,” vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 2779-2785, 2011.##[102] S. Liu et al., “Lateral dimension-dependent antibacterial activity of graphene oxide sheets,” vol. 28, no. 33, pp. 12364-12372, 2012.##[103] E. Valsami-Jones and I. J. S. Lynch, “How safe are nanomaterials?,” vol. 350, no. 6259, pp. 388-389, 2015.##[104] Z. Wang, B. J. E. s. Mi, and technology, “Environmental applications of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets,” vol. 51, no. 15, pp. 8229-8244, 2017.##[105] Y. Kofuji et al., “Graphitic carbon nitride doped with biphenyl diimide: efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide production from water and molecular oxygen by sunlight,” vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 7021-7029, 2016.##[106] F. Ding et al., “Graphitic carbon nitride-based nanocomposites as visible-light driven photocatalysts for environmental purification,” vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 1455-1469, 2017.##[107] P. Niu, L. Zhang, G. Liu, and H. M. J. A. F. M. Cheng, “Graphene‐like carbon nitride nanosheets for improved photocatalytic activities,” vol. 22, no. 22, pp. 4763-4770, 2012.##[108] S. Yang, Y. Gong, J. Zhang, L. Zhan, L. Ma, and Z. J. A. M. Fang, “R. Vajtai, XC Wang and PM Ajayan,” vol. 25, pp. 2452-2456, 2013.##[109] G. Li et al., “Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst synthesized using a hydrothermal-calcination approach,” vol. 86, pp. 17-24, 2015.##[110] J. Xu, Q. Gao, Z. Wang, and Y. J. A. C. B. E. Zhu, “An all-organic 0D/2D supramolecular porphyrin/g-C3N4 heterojunction assembled via π-π interaction for efficient visible photocatalytic oxidation,” vol. 291, p. 120059, 2021.##[111] Q. Zhang, S. Chen, X. Fan, H. Zhang, H. Yu, and X. J. A. C. B. E. Quan, “A multifunctional graphene-based nanofiltration membrane under photo-assistance for enhanced water treatment based on layer-by-layer sieving,” vol. 224, pp. 204-213, 2018.##[112] M. Faraji, N. Mohaghegh, A. J. J. o. P. Abedini, and P. B. Biology, “Ternary composite of TiO2 nanotubes/Ti plates modified by g-C3N4 and SnO2 with enhanced photocatalytic activity for enhancing antibacterial and photocatalytic activity,” vol. 178, pp. 124-132, 2018.##[113] K. Yan, C. Mu, L. Meng, Z. Fei, and P. J. J. N. A. Dyson, “Recent advances in graphite carbon nitride-based nanocomposites: structure, antibacterial properties and synergies,” vol. 3, no. 13, pp. 3708-3729, 2021.##[114] J. Bai, Z. Wang, P. Zhou, P. Xu, Y. Deng, and Q. J. A. S. S. Zhou, “Rapid thermal surface engineering of g-C3N4 for efficient hydrogen evolution,” vol. 539, p. 148308, 2021.##[115] R. L. J. A. n. Whitby, “Chemical control of graphene architecture: tailoring shape and properties,” vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 9733-9754, 2014.##[116] L. Liao, H. Peng, and Z. J. J. o. t. A. c. s. Liu, “Chemistry makes graphene beyond graphene,” vol. 136, no. 35, pp. 12194-12200, 2014.##[117] V. Georgakilas, J. A. Perman, J. Tucek, and R. J. C. r. Zboril, “Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures,” vol. 115, no. 11, pp. 4744-4822, 2015.##[118] P. Fernandez-Ibanez et al., “Solar photocatalytic disinfection of water using titanium dioxide graphene composites,” vol. 261, pp. 36-44, 2015.##[119] L. Wang et al., “Ultra-thin TiO2 sheets with rich surface disorders for enhanced photocatalytic performance under simulated sunlight,” vol. 745, pp. 26-32, 2018.##[120] Y. Pang et al., “Z-scheme carbon-bridged Bi2O3/TiO2 nanotube arrays to boost photoelectrochemical detection performance,” vol. 248, pp. 255-263, 2019.##[121] O. Akhavan, M. Abdolahad, Y. Abdi, and S. J. C. Mohajerzadeh, “Synthesis of titania/carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays for photoinactivation of E. coli in visible light irradiation,” vol. 47, no. 14, pp. 3280-3287, 2009.##[122] O. Akhavan, R. Azimirad, S. Safa, and M. J. J. o. M. C. Larijani, “Visible light photo-induced antibacterial activity of CNT–doped TiO 2 thin films with various CNT contents,” vol. 20, no. 35, pp. 7386-7392, 2010.##[123] J. Zhang et al., “Carbon dots-decorated Na2W4O13 composite with WO3 for highly efficient photocatalytic antibacterial activity,” vol. 359, pp. 1-8, 2018.##[124] X. Zeng, S. Lan, and I. M. J. E. S. N. Lo, “Rapid disinfection of E. coli by a ternary BiVO 4/Ag/gC 3 N 4 composite under visible light: photocatalytic mechanism and performance investigation in authentic sewage,” vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 610-623, 2019.##[125] A. J. C. O. i. C. Dufresne and I. Science, “Cellulose nanomaterial reinforced polymer nanocomposites,” vol. 29, pp. 1-8, 2017.##[126] S. J. C. p. Mondal, “Preparation, properties and applications of nanocellulosic materials,” vol. 163, pp. 301-316, 2017.##[127] H. Xie, H. Du, X. Yang, and C. J. I. J. o. P. S. Si, “Recent strategies in preparation of cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils derived from raw cellulose materials,” vol. 2018, 2018.##[128] A. Isogai, Y. J. C. O. i. S. S. Zhou, and M. Science, “Diverse nanocelluloses prepared from TEMPO-oxidized wood cellulose fibers: Nanonetworks, nanofibers, and nanocrystals,” vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 101-106, 2019.##[129] F. Niu et al., “The characteristic and dispersion stability of nanocellulose produced by mixed acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic assistance,” vol. 165, pp. 197-204, 2017.##[130] Y.-Y. Li, B. Wang, M.-G. Ma, and B. J. I. J. o. P. S. Wang, “Review of recent development on preparation, properties, and applications of cellulose-based functional materials,” vol. 2018, 2018.##[131] C. Chen and L. J. A. o. c. r. Hu, “Nanocellulose toward advanced energy storage devices: structure and electrochemistry,” vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 3154-3165, 2018.##[132] H. Voisin, L. Bergström, P. Liu, and A. P. J. N. Mathew, “Nanocellulose-based materials for water purification,” vol. 7, no. 3, p. 57, 2017.##[133] P. C. Faria-Tischer, R. M. Ribeiro-Viana, and C. A. Tischer, “Bio-based nanocomposites: Strategies for cellulose functionalization and tissue affinity studies,” in Materials for biomedical engineering: Elsevier, 2019, pp. 205-244.##[134] C. Jiménez Saelices and I. J. B. Capron, “Design of Pickering micro-and nanoemulsions based on the structural characteristics of nanocelluloses,” vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 460-469, 2018.##[135] S.-Y. Lee, S.-J. J. J. o. i. Park, and e. chemistry, “TiO2 photocatalyst for water treatment applications,” vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1761-1769, 2013.##[136] K. Kim et al., “Water vapor removal using CA/PEG blending materials coated hollow fiber membrane,” vol. 90, no. 6, pp. 1117-1123, 2015.##[137] Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, G. Xiao, and H. J. C. J. o. C. E. Su, “Fabrication of biomaterial/TiO2 composite photocatalysts for the selective removal of trace environmental pollutants,” vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1416-1428, 2019.##[138] H. Zhao, S. Chen, X. Quan, H. Yu, and H. J. A. C. B. E. Zhao, “Integration of microfiltration and visible-light-driven photocatalysis on g-C3N4 nanosheet/reduced graphene oxide membrane for enhanced water treatment,” vol. 194, pp. 134-140, 2016.##[139] S. H. Osong, S. Norgren, and P. J. C. Engstrand, “Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review,” vol. 23, pp. 93-123, 2016.##[140] U. M. Garusinghe, V. S. Raghuwanshi, W. Batchelor, and G. J. S. r. Garnier, “Water resistant cellulose–titanium dioxide composites for photocatalysis,” vol. 8, no. 1, p. 2306, 2018.##[141] Y. Nevo et al., “Nano bio optically tunable composite nanocrystalline cellulose films,” vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 7713-7719, 2015.##[142] M. Xu et al., “Study of synergistic effect of cellulose on the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of ZnO,” vol. 52, pp. 8472-8484, 2017.##[143] A. Wittmar, H. Thierfeld, S. Köcher, and M. J. R. A. Ulbricht, “Routes towards catalytically active TiO 2 doped porous cellulose,” vol. 5, no. 45, pp. 35866-35873, 2015.##[144] X. Sun et al., “One-pot route towards active TiO2 doped hierarchically porous cellulose: highly efficient photocatalysts for methylene blue degradation,” vol. 10, no. 4, p. 373, 2017.##[145] R. Brandes et al., “Spherical bacterial cellulose/TiO 2 nanocomposite with potential application in contaminants removal from wastewater by photocatalysis,” vol. 19, pp. 1861-1868, 2018.##[146] D. Trache, M. H. Hussin, M. M. Haafiz, and V. K. J. N. Thakur, “Recent progress in cellulose nanocrystals: sources and production,” vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1763-1786, 2017.##[147] S. Singh, R. Pendurthi, M. Khanuja, S. Islam, S. Rajput, and S. J. A. P. A. Shivaprasad, “Copper-doped modified ZnO nanorods to tailor its light assisted charge transfer reactions exploited for photo-electrochemical and photo-catalytic application in environmental remediation,” vol. 123, pp. 1-10, 2017.##[148] F. Awan et al., “Cellulose nanocrystal–ZnO nanohybrids for controlling photocatalytic activity and UV protection in cosmetic formulation,” vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 12403-12411, 2018.##[149] M. Samadi, M. Zirak, A. Naseri, E. Khorashadizade, and A. Z. J. T. S. F. Moshfegh, “Recent progress on doped ZnO nanostructures for visible-light photocatalysis,” vol. 605, pp. 2-19, 2016.##[150] P. R. Sharma, S. K. Sharma, R. Antoine, B. S. J. A. S. C. Hsiao, and Engineering, “Efficient removal of arsenic using zinc oxide nanocrystal-decorated regenerated microfibrillated cellulose scaffolds,” vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 6140-6151, 2019.##[151] Y. Guan et al., “Green one-step synthesis of ZnO/cellulose nanocrystal hybrids with modulated morphologies and superfast absorption of cationic dyes,” vol. 132, pp. 51-62, 2019.##[152] K. Lefatshe, C. M. Muiva, and L. P. J. C. p. Kebaabetswe, “Extraction of nanocellulose and in-situ casting of ZnO/cellulose nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activity,” vol. 164, pp. 301-308, 2017.##[153] H.-Y. Yu, G.-Y. Chen, Y.-B. Wang, and J.-M. J. C. Yao, “A facile one-pot route for preparing cellulose nanocrystal/zinc oxide nanohybrids with high antibacterial and photocatalytic activity,” vol. 22, pp. 261-273, 2015.##[154] W.-l. Zheng, W.-l. Hu, S.-y. Chen, Y. Zheng, B.-h. Zhou, and H.-p. J. C. J. o. P. S. Wang, “High photocatalytic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles with amidoximated bacterial cellulose nanofibers as templates,” vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 169-176, 2014.##[155] H. Xiao, W. Zhang, Y. Wei, and L. J. C. Chen, “Carbon/ZnO nanorods composites templated by TEMPO-oxidized cellulose and photocatalytic activity for dye degradation,” vol. 25, pp. 1809-1819, 2018.##[156] K. Tu, Q. Wang, A. Lu, and L. J. T. J. o. P. C. C. Zhang, “Portable visible-light photocatalysts constructed from Cu2O nanoparticles and graphene oxide in cellulose matrix,” vol. 118, no. 13, pp. 7202-7210, 2014.##[157] C.-J. Kim, W. Khan, D.-H. Kim, K.-S. Cho, and S.-Y. J. C. p. Park, “Graphene oxide/cellulose composite using NMMO monohydrate,” vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 903-909, 2011.##[158] F. Su et al., “mpg-C3N4-catalyzed selective oxidation of alcohols using O2 and visible light,” vol. 132, no. 46, pp. 16299-16301, 2010.##[159] M. Bellardita, E. I. García-López, G. Marcì, I. Krivtsov, J. R. García, and L. J. A. C. B. E. Palmisano, “Selective photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols in water by using P-doped g-C3N4,” vol. 220, pp. 222-233, 2018.##[160] X. Wang et al., “A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light,” vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 76-80, 2009.##[161] H. Karimi-Maleh et al., “Tuning of metal oxides photocatalytic performance using Ag nanoparticles integration,” vol. 314, p. 113588, 2020.##[162] Y. N. Rajeev, C. M. Magdalane, G. Ramalingam, L. B. Kumar, N. Alwadai, and M. J. A. P. A. Al-Buriahi, “Photocatalytic activity of hierarchical CTAB-assisted TiO2 nanoparticles for polluted water treatment using solar light illumination,” vol. 128, no. 4, p. 299, 2022.##[163] S. E. Mousavi, H. Younesi, N. Bahramifar, P. Tamunaidu, and H. J. C. Karimi-Maleh, “A novel route to the synthesis of α-Fe2O3@ C@ SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite from the metal-organic framework as a photocatalyst for water treatment,” vol. 297, p. 133992, 2022.##[164] M. L. Matias et al., “Enhanced Fe-TiO2 Solar Photocatalysts on Porous Platforms for Water Purification,” vol. 12, no. 6, p. 1005, 2022.##[165] Z. Kong et al., “Enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic removal of PFOA from water by F-functionalized MOF with in-situ-growth TiO2: Regulation of electron density and bandgap,” vol. 297, p. 121449, 2022.##[166] Y. Zhou et al., “3D/2D MOF-derived CoCeOx/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction for visible light photocatalysis: Hydrogen production and degradation of carbamazepine,” vol. 890, p. 161786, 2022.##[167] J. Xue et al., “Multifunctional porphyrinic Zr-MOF composite membrane for high-performance oil-in-water separation and organic dye adsorption/photocatalysis,” vol. 628, p. 127288, 2021.##[168] J.-L. Qiu et al., “Facile encapsulating Ag nanoparticles into a tetrathiafulvalene-based Zr-MOF for enhanced photocatalysis,” vol. 427, p. 131970, 2022.##[169] R. R. Solís, M. Peñas-Garzón, C. Belver, J. J. Rodriguez, and J. J. J. o. E. C. E. Bedia, “Highly stable UiO-66-NH2 by the microwave-assisted synthesis for solar photocatalytic water treatment,” vol. 10, no. 2, p. 107122, 2022.##[170] Y. Shi, D. Wan, J. Huang, Y. Liu, and J. J. C. Li, “Stable LBL self-assembly coating porous membrane with 3D heterostructure for enhanced water treatment under visible light irradiation,” vol. 252, p. 126581, 2020.##[171] S. Hmamouchi et al., “Photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue dye using sand-graphite composite under visible light irradiation,” vol. 72, pp. 3677-3685, 2023.##[172] H. Ming et al., “Photocatalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by carbon quantum dots functionalized carbon nitride for efficient degradation of bisphenol A under visible-light irradiation,” vol. 424, p. 130296, 2021.##[173] L. Lebogang, R. Bosigo, K. Lefatshe, C. J. M. C. Muiva, and Physics, “Ag3PO4/nanocellulose composite for effective sunlight driven photodegradation of organic dyes in wastewater,” vol. 236, p. 121756, 2019.##[174] M. S. Vasheghani Farahani, M. Nikzad, and M. J. C. Ghorbani, “Fabrication of fe-doped ZnO/nanocellulose nanocomposite as an efficient photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue under visible light,” vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 7277-7299, 2022.##[175] G.-q. Liu, X.-j. Pan, J. Li, C. Li, and C.-l. J. J. o. S. C. S. Ji, “Facile preparation and characterization of anatase TiO2/nanocellulose composite for photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange,” vol. 25, no. 12, p. 101383, 2021.##[176] J. Nahi, A. Radhakrishnan, and B. J. M. T. P. Beena, “Green synthesis of zinc oxide incorporated nanocellulose with visible light photocatalytic activity and application for the removal of antibiotic enrofloxacin from aqueousmedia,” vol. 41, pp. 583-589, 2021.##[177] R. G. Toro, A. M. Adel, T. de Caro, B. Brunetti, M. T. Al-Shemy, and D. J. M. Caschera, “A Facile One-Pot Approach to the Fabrication of Nanocellulose–Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites with Promising Photocatalytic and Antimicrobial Activity,” vol. 15, no. 16, p. 5789, 2022.