Recent progress of filtration mechanism to fabricate the effective COVID-masks: A review en en In the present pandemic/epidemic, individuals all over the world are living in a scenario where the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiologic agent for COVID-19, has impacted every area of their existence, whether socially or economically, in the year 2020. Because the germs of this airborne sickness can be spread from an infected person to others when sneezing, coughing, or speaking more individuals are using face masks. Face masks, as well as proper hand cleanliness and physical separation, are recommended for preventing COVID-19 transmission. Facemasks can cause allergies and skin problems in certain people. We offered an approach to infuse natural bioactive compounds in the nanofibers of textile fabric in this brief review. Anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, and odorless, the proposed facemasks will be identified. In this study, we discuss current developments that have an impact on the filtering efficiency of mask materials. 218 229 Rupinder Singh Department of Mechanical Engineering Chandigarh University India info@jourcc.com Zahra Rabiei Dolatabadi Anatomical Sciences Department Kerman University of Medical Sciences Iran info@jourcc.com Nalini Tripathi Department of Community Medicine VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital India info@jourcc.com Shamim Mukhtar College of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of the Punjab Pakistan info@jourcc.com Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff American University of Sovereign Nations (AUSN) USA info@jourcc.com Fernando G. Morais Institute of Physics University of São Paulo Brazil info@jourcc.com Parisa Shafiee Catalyst and Nano Material Research Laboratory (CNMRL) Iran University of Science and Technology Iran Parisashafiee603@gmail.com COVID-19 Facemasks Filtration Electrospinning Nanofber-Based Filter Media Article3.pdf [1] M.H. Chua, W. Cheng, S.S. Goh, J. Kong, B. Li, J.Y.C. Lim, L. Mao, S. Wang, K. Xue, L. Yang, E. Ye, K. Zhang, W.C.D. Cheong, B.H. Tan, Z. Li, B.H. Tan, X.J. Loh, Face Masks in the New COVID-19 Normal: Ma-terials, Testing, and Perspectives, Research (Washington, D.C.) 2020 (2020) 7286735. ## [2] J. Howard, A. Huang, Z. Li, Z. Tufekci, V. Zdimal, H.-M. van der Westhuizen, A. von Delft, A. Price, L. Fridman, L.-H. Tang, An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienc-es 118(4) (2021). ## [3] S. Rengasamy, B. Eimer, R.E. Shaffer, Simple respiratory protection—evaluation of the filtration performance of cloth masks and common fabric materials against 20–1000 nm size particles, Annals of occupational hygiene 54(7) (2010) 789-798. ## [4] N.H. Leung, D.K. Chu, E.Y. Shiu, K.-H. Chan, J.J. McDevitt, B.J. Hau, H.-L. Yen, Y. Li, D.K. Ip, J.M. Peiris, Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks, Nature medicine 26(5) (2020) 676-680. ## [5] J.W. Tang, T.J. Liebner, B.A. Cra-ven, G.S. Settles, A schlieren optical study of the human cough with and without wearing masks for aerosol infection control, Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6(suppl_6) (2009) S727-S736. ## [6] D. Kharaghani, M.Q. Khan, A. Shahrzad, Y. Inoue, T. Yamamoto, S. Rozet, Y. Tamada, I.S. Kim, Preparation and In-Vitro As-sessment of Hierarchal Organized Antibacterial Breath Mask Based on Polyacrylonitrile/Silver (PAN/AgNPs) Nanofiber, Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 8(7) (2018). ## [7] N. Wang, M. Cai, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Elec-tret nanofibrous membrane with enhanced filtration performance and wearing comfortability for face mask, Journal of colloid and interface science 530 (2018) 695-703. ## [8] A. Konda, A. Prakash, G.A. Moss, M. Schmoldt, G.D. Grant, S. Guha, Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks, ACS Nano 14(5) (2020) 6339-6347. ## [9] A. Davies, K.-A. Thompson, K. Giri, G. Kafatos, J. Walker, A. Bennett, Testing the efficacy of homemade masks: would they protect in an influenza pandemic?, Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 7(4) (2013) 413-418. ## [10] C.M. Dugdale, R.P. Walensky, Filtra-tion efficiency, effectiveness, and availability of N95 face masks for COVID-19 prevention, JAMA Internal Medicine 180(12) (2020) 1612-1613. ## [11] A. Tcharkhtchi, N. Abbasnezhad, M. Zarbini Seydani, N. Zirak, S. Farzaneh, M. Shirinbayan, An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aero-sols penetration, Bioactive Materials 6(1) (2021) 106-122. ## [12] A. Mostaghimi, M.J. Antonini, D. Plana, P.D. Anderson, B. Beller, E.W. Boyer, A. Fannin, J. Freake, R. Oakley, M.S. Sinha, L. Smith, C. Van, H. Yang, P.K. Sorger, N.R. LeBoeuf, S.H. Yu, Regulatory and Safety Considerations in Deploying a Locally Fabricated, Reusable Face Shield in a Hospital Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Med (New York, N.Y.) 1(1) (2020) 139-151.e4. ## [13] M. Tebyetekerwa, Z. Xu, S. Yang, S. Ramakrishna, Electrospun nanofibers-based face masks, Advanced Fiber Materials 2(3) (2020) 161-166. ## [14] G. Qiu, Z. Gai, Y. Tao, J. Schmitt, G.A. Kullak-Ublick, J. Wang, Dual-functional plasmonic photothermal biosensors for highly accurate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection, ACS nano 14(5) (2020) 5268-5277. ## [15] K. O’Dowd, K.M. Nair, P. Forouzandeh, S. Mathew, J. Grant, R. Moran, J. Bartlett, J. Bird, S.C. Pillai, Face Masks and Respira-tors in the Fight Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Current Materials, Advances and Future Per-spectives, Materials 13(15) (2020). ## [16] J. Phua, L. Weng, L. Ling, M. Egi, C.-M. Lim, J.V. Divatia, B.R. Shrestha, Y.M. Arabi, J. Ng, C.D. Gomersall, M. Nishimura, Y. Koh, B. Du, Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8(5) (2020) 506-517. ## [17] S. Sousan, N. Garcia, A. White, J.A. Balanay, Filtration efficiency of surgical sterilization fabric for respiratory protection during COVID-19 pandemic, American Journal of Infection Con-trol 49(1) (2021) 1-7. ## [18] M.H. Bagheri, I. Khalaji, A. Azizi, R.T. Loibl, N. Basualdo, S. Manzo, M.L. Gorrepati, S. Mehendale, C. Mohr, S.N. Schiffres, Filtration efficiency, breathability, and reusability of im-provised materials for face masks, Aerosol Science and Technology 55(7) (2021) 817-827. ## [19] E. Ruiz‐Hitzky, M. Darder, B. Wicklein, C. Ruiz‐Garcia, R. Martín‐Sampedro, G. Del Real, P. Aranda, Nanotechnolo-gy responses to COVID‐19, Advanced healthcare materials 9(19) (2020) 2000979. ## [20] L. Yi, L. Fengzhi, Z. Qingyong, Numerical simulation of virus diffusion in facemask during breathing cycles, Int J Heat Mass Transf 48(19) (2005) 4229-4242. ## [21] A. Mahdavi, Efficiency measurement of N95 filtering facepiece res-pirators against ultrafine particles under cyclic and constant flows, Concordia University, 2013. ## [22] D. Bunyan, L. Ritchie, D. Jenkins, J.E. Coia, Respiratory and facial protection: a critical review of recent litera-ture, The Journal of hospital infection 85(3) (2013) 165-9. ## [23] C.J. Kähler, R. Hain, Fundamental protec-tive mechanisms of face masks against droplet infections, Journal of Aerosol Science 148 (2020) 105617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105617. ## [24] S. Adanur, A. Jayswal, Filtration mechanisms and manufacturing methods of face masks: An overview, Journal of Industrial Textiles (2020) 1528083720980169. ## [25] F. Sharifianjazi, A. Esmaeilkhanian, L. Bazli, S. Eskandarinezhad, S. Khaksar, P. Shafiee, M. Yusuf, B. Abdullah, P. Salahshour, F. Sadeghi, A review on recent advances in dry reforming of methane over Ni-and Co-based nanocatalysts, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2021). ## [26] C.B. Hiragond, A.S. Kshirsagar, V.V. Dhapte, T. Khanna, P. Joshi, P.V. More, Enhanced anti-microbial response of commercial face mask using colloidal silver nanoparticles, Vacuum 156 (2018) 475. ## [27] Y. Li, P. Leung, L. Yao, Q.W. Song, E. Newton, Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles, The Journal of hospital infection 62(1) (2006) 58-63. ## [28] M. Hashmi, S. Ullah, I.S. Kim, Copper oxide (CuO) loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes for antimicrobial breath mask applications, Current Research in Biotechnology 1 (2019) 1-10. ## [29] E.O. Ogunsona, R. Muthuraj, E. Ojogbo, O. Valerio, T.H. Mekonnen, Engineered nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications: A review, Applied Materials Today 18 (2020) 100473. ## [30] C.Y.H. Chao, M.P. Wan, L. Morawska, G.R. Johnson, Z.D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, Y. Li, X. Xie, D. Katoshevski, Characterization of expiration air jets and droplet size distributions immediately at the mouth opening, Journal of Aerosol Science 40(2) (2009) 122-133. ## [31] S. Lin, C.-K. Lee, S.-Y. Lee, C.-L. Kao, C.-W. Lin, A.-B. Wang, S.-M. Hsu, L.-S. Huang, Surface ultrastructure of SARS coronavirus revealed by atomic force microscopy, Cell Microbiol 7(12) (2005) 1763-1770. ## [32] C.S. Goldsmith, K.M. Tatti, T.G. Ksiazek, P.E. Rollin, J.A. Comer, W.W. Lee, P.A. Rota, B. Bankamp, W.J. Bellini, S.R. Zaki, Ultrastructural characterization of SARS coronavirus, Emerg Infect Dis 10(2) (2004) 320-326. ## [33] M. Zeraati, R. Pourmohamad, B. Baghchi, N.P. Singh Chauhan, G. Sargazi, Optimization and predictive modelling for the diameter of nylon-6,6 nanofibers via electrospinning for coronavirus face masks, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 25(11) (2021) 101348. ## [34] H. Huang, C. Fan, M. Li, H.-L. Nie, F.-B. Wang, H. Wang, R. Wang, J. Xia, X. Zheng, X. Zuo, J. Huang, COVID-19: A Call for Physical Scientists and Engineers, ACS Nano 14(4) (2020) 3747-3754. ## [35] Y. Li, H. Qian, J. Hang, X. Chen, L. Hong, P. Liang, J. Li, S. Xiao, J. Wei, L. Liu, M. Kang, Evidence for probable aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant, medRxiv (2020) 2020.04.16.20067728. ## [36] M. Hadei, P.K. Hopke, A. Jonidi, A. Shahsavani, A Letter about the Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Based on the Current Evidence, Aero-sol and Air Quality Research 20(5) (2020) 911-914. ## [37] N. van Doremalen, T. Bushmaker, D.H. Morris, M.G. Holbrook, A. Gamble, B.N. Williamson, A. Tamin, J.L. Harcourt, N.J. Thornburg, S.I. Gerber, J.O. Lloyd-Smith, E. de Wit, V.J. Munster, Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1, N Engl J Med 382(16) (2020) 1564-1567. ## [38] R. Zhang, Y. Li, A.L. Zhang, Y. Wang, M.J. Molina, Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(26) (2020) 14857-14863. ## [39] M. Klompas, M.A. Baker, C. Rhee, Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence, JAMA 324(5) (2020) 441-442. ## [40] L. Morawska, D.K. Milton, It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Clin Infect Dis 71(9) (2020) 2311-2313. ## [41] J. Gralton, E. Tovey, M.L. McLaws, W.D. Rawlinson, The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: a review, The Journal of infection 62(1) (2011) 1-13. ## [42] J.S. Kutter, M.I. Spronken, P.L. Fraaij, R.A. Fouchier, S. Herfst, Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans, Current opinion in virology 28 (2018) 142-151. ## [43] K.A. Prather, C.C. Wang, R.T. Schooley, Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Science 368(6498) (2020) 1422-1424. ## [44] E.L. Anderson, P. Turnham, J.R. Griffin, C.C. Clarke, Consideration of the Aerosol Transmission for COVID-19 and Public Health, Risk analysis : an offi-cial publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 40(5) (2020) 902-907. ## [45] W.E. Wei, Z. Li, C.J. Chiew, S.E. Yong, M.P. Toh, V.J. Lee, Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69(14) (2020) 411-415. ## [46] R. Li, S. Pei, B. Chen, Y. Song, T. Zhang, W. Yang, J. Shaman, Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Science 368(6490) (2020) 489-493. ## [47] J. Howarda, Z.L. Austin Huangb, Z. Tufekcim, Z. Vladimire, H.-M. van der Westhuizenf, A. von Delfto, A. Pricen, L. Fridmand, L.-H. Tangi, V. Tangl, Face masks against COVID-19: an evidence, Review An Evidence Review. Preprints 2020040203 (2020). ## [48] F. Drewnick, J. Pikmann, F. Fachinger, L. Moormann, F. Sprang, S. Borrmann, Aerosol filtra-tion efficiency of household materials for homemade face masks: Influence of material properties, particle size, particle electrical charge, face velocity, and leaks, Aerosol Science and Technology 55(1) (2021) 63-79. ## [49] T.G. Tunevall, Postoperative wound infections and surgical face masks: a controlled study, World journal of surgery 15(3) (1991) 383-7; discussion 387-8. ## [50] J.L. Spooner, History of surgical face masks, AORN J 5(1) (1967) 76-80. ## [51] C.A. Rockwood, Jr., D.H. O’Donoghue, The surgical mask: its develop-ment, usage, and efficiency. A review of the literature, and new experimental studies, Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 80 (1960) 963-71. ## [52] N.L. Belkin, The evolution of the surgical mask: filtering effi-ciency versus effectiveness, Infection control and hospital epidemiology 18(1) (1997) 49-57. ## [53] E.S. Schrader, From apron to gown: a history of OR attire, AORN J 24(1) (1976) 52-67. ## [54] J.W. Tang, T.J. Liebner, B.A. Craven, G.S. Settles, A schlieren optical study of the human cough with and without wearing masks for aerosol infection control, J R Soc Interface 6 Suppl 6(Suppl 6) (2009) S727-S736. ## [55] C.C. Leung, T.H. Lam, K.K. Cheng, Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: people need guidance, Lancet 395(10228) (2020) 945-945. ## [56] K. Zhou, Y. Zhao, X. Sun, Z. Yuan, G. Zheng, K. Dai, L. Mi, C. Pan, C. Liu, C. Shen, Ultra-stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator as high-sensitive and self-powered electronic skins for energy harvesting and tactile sensing, Nano Energy 70 (2020) 104546. ## [57] M. Gandhi, D.S. Yokoe, D.V. Havlir, Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles’ Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19, New England Journal of Medicine 382(22) (2020) 2158-2160. ## [58] Z. Gao, Y. Xu, C. Sun, X. Wang, Y. Guo, S. Qiu, K. Ma, A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19, Journal of Microbiology, Im-munology and Infection 54(1) (2021) 12-16. ## [59] Y. Long, T. Hu, L. Liu, R. Chen, Q. Guo, L. Yang, Y. Cheng, J. Huang, L. Du, Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: A systemat-ic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 13(2) (2020) 93-101. ## [60] A.V. Mueller, M.J. Eden, J.M. Oakes, C. Bellini, L.A. Fernandez, Quantitative Method for Comparative Assessment of Par-ticle Filtration Efficiency of Fabric Masks as Alternatives to Standard Surgical Masks for PPE, medRxiv (2020) 2020.04.17.20069567. ## [61] M. van der Sande, P. Teunis, R. Sabel, Professional and Home-Made Face Masks Reduce Exposure to Respiratory Infections among the General Population, PLOS ONE 3(7) (2008) e2618. ## [62] F. McDonald, C.J. Horwell, R. Wecker, L. Dominelli, M. Loh, R. Kamanyire, C. Ugarte, Facemask use for community protection from air pollution disasters: An ethical overview and framework to guide agency decision making, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 43 (2020) 101376. ## [63] V.C.-C. Cheng, S.-C. Wong, V.W.-M. Chuang, S.Y.-C. So, J.H.-K. Chen, S. Sridhar, K.K.-W. To, J.F.-W. Chan, I.F.-N. Hung, P.-L. Ho, K.-Y. Yuen, The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2, The Journal of infection 81(1) (2020) 107-114. ## [64] W.H. Seto, D. Tsang, R.W. Yung, T.Y. Ching, T.K. Ng, M. Ho, L.M. Ho, J.S. Peiris, Effec-tiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Lancet 361(9368) (2003) 1519-20. ## [65] S.E. Eikenberry, M. Mancuso, E. Iboi, T. Phan, K. Eikenberry, Y. Kuang, E. Kostelich, A.B. Gumel, To mask or not to mask: Modeling the po-tential for face mask use by the general public to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic, Infectious Disease Model-ling 5 (2020) 293-308. ## [66] R. Pung, C.J. Chiew, B.E. Young, S. Chin, M.I. Chen, H.E. Clapham, A.R. Cook, S. Maurer-Stroh, M. Toh, C. Poh, M. Low, J. Lum, V.T.J. Koh, T.M. Mak, L. Cui, R. Lin, D. Heng, Y.S. Leo, D.C. Lye, V.J.M. Lee, Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveil-lance and response measures, Lancet 395(10229) (2020) 1039-1046. ## [67] M. Klompas, C.A. Morris, J. Sin-clair, M. Pearson, E.S. Shenoy, Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era, New England Journal of Medicine 382(21) (2020) e63. ## [68] K.H. Chan, K.Y. Yuen, COVID-19 epidemic: disentangling the re-emerging controversy about medical facemasks from an epidemiological perspective, International journal of epidemiology 49(4) (2020) 1063-1066. ## [69] T. Oberg, L.M. Brosseau, Surgical mask filter and fit perfor-mance, Am J Infect Control 36(4) (2008) 276-82. ## [70] S.D. Rubbo, L.R. Abbott, Filtration Efficiency of Surgical Masks: A New Method of Evaluation, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery 38(1) (1971) 80-83. ## [71] S.-H. Huang, C.-W. Chen, Y.-M. Kuo, C.-Y. Lai, R. McKay, C.-C. Chen, Factors Affect-ing Filter Penetration and Quality Factor of Particulate Respirators, Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13(1) (2013) 162-171. ## [72] N. Zhu, D. Zhang, W. Wang, X. Li, B. Yang, J. Song, X. Zhao, B. Huang, W. Shi, R. Lu, P. Niu, F. Zhan, X. Ma, D. Wang, W. Xu, G. Wu, G.F. Gao, W. Tan, A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019, New England Journal of Medicine 382(8) (2020) 727-733. ## [73] M.H. Chua, W. Cheng, S.S. Goh, J. Kong, B. Li, J.Y. Lim, L. Mao, S. Wang, K. Xue, L. Yang, Face masks in the new COVID-19 normal: materials, testing, and perspectives, Research 2020 (2020). ## [74] H.F. Kraemer, H.F. Johnstone, Collection of Aerosol Particles in Presence of Electrostatic Fields, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 47(12) (1955) 2426-2434. ## [75] K.W. Lee, B.Y.H. Liu, Theoretical Study of Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters, Aerosol Science and Technology 1(2) (1982) 147-161. ## [76] C. Zhu, C.-H. Lin, C.S. Cheung, Inertial impaction-dominated fibrous filtration with rectangular or cylindrical fibers, Powder technology 112(1-2) (2000) 149-162. ## [77] L. Séon, P. Lavalle, P. Schaaf, F. Boulmedais, Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: A Versatile Tool for Preparing Antimicrobial Coatings, Langmuir 31(47) (2015) 12856-12872. ## [78] M. Lehtimäki, K. Heinonen, Reliability of electret filters, Building and Environment 29(3) (1994) 353-355. ## [79] Z. Liu, D. Yu, Y. Ge, L. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Li, F. Liu, Z. Zhai, Understanding the factors involved in de-termining the bioburdens of surgical masks, Ann Transl Med 7(23) (2019) 754-754. ## [80] S. Ratnesar-Shumate, C.-Y. Wu, J. Wander, D. Lundgren, S. Farrah, J.-H. Lee, P. Wanakule, M. Blackburn, M.-F. Lan, Evaluation of Physical Capture Efficiency and Disinfection Capability of an Iodinated Biocidal Filter Medi-um, Aerosol and Air Quality Research 8(1) (2008) 1-18. ## [81] J.H. Lee, C.Y. Wu, K. Wysocki, S. Farrah, J. Wander, Efficacy of iodine‐treated biocidal filter media against bacterial spore aerosols, Journal of applied microbiology 105(5) (2008) 1318-1326. ## [82] M. Pini, E.I. Cedillo González, P. Neri, C. Siligardi, A.M. Ferrari, Assessment of Environmental Performance of TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated Self-Cleaning Float Glass, Coatings 7(1) (2017) 8. ## [83] G. Borkow, S.S. Zhou, T. Page, J. Gabbay, A Novel Anti-Influenza Copper Ox-ide Containing Respiratory Face Mask, PLOS ONE 5(6) (2010) e11295. ## [84] M. Zhu, J. Han, F. Wang, W. Shao, R. Xiong, Q. Zhang, H. Pan, Y. Yang, S.K. Samal, F. Zhang, C. Huang, Electrospun Nanofibers Mem-branes for Effective Air Filtration, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 302(1) (2017) 1600353. ## [85] S.D. Skaria, G.C. Smaldone, Respiratory source control using surgical masks with nanofiber media, Ann Occup Hyg 58(6) (2014) 771-781. ## [86] N. Wang, Y. Yang, S.S. Al-Deyab, M. El-Newehy, J. Yu, B. Ding, Ultra-light 3D nanofibre-nets binary structured nylon 6–polyacrylonitrile membranes for efficient filtration of fine particulate matter, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3(47) (2015) 23946-23954. ## [87] C. Wang, P. Li, Y. Zong, Y. Zhang, S. Li, F. Wei, A high efficiency particulate air filter based on agglomerated carbon nano-tube fluidized bed, Carbon 79 (2014) 424-431. ## [88] X. Li, N. Wang, G. Fan, J. Yu, J. Gao, G. Sun, B. Ding, Electreted polyetherimide-silica fibrous membranes for enhanced filtration of fine particles, Journal of col-loid and interface science 439 (2015) 12-20. ## [89] C. Akduman, E.P. Akçakoca Kumbasar, Nanofibers in face masks and respirators to provide better protection, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engi-neering 460 (2018) 012013. ## [90] C. Akduman, Cellulose acetate and polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber mats for N95 respirators, Journal of Industrial Textiles 50(8) (2019) 1239-1261. ## [91] X. Zhuang, X. Yang, L. Shi, B. Cheng, K. Guan, W. Kang, Solution blowing of submicron-scale cellulose fibers, Carbohydrate pol-ymers 90(2) (2012) 982-7. ## [92] J.M. Salva, D.D. Gutierrez, L.A. Ching, P.M. Ucab, H. Cascon, N.P. Tan, Solution blow spinning (SBS)-assisted synthesis of well-defined carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanowhisk-ers, Nanotechnology 29(50) (2018) 50LT01. ## [93] N.P.B. Tan, S.S. Paclijan, H.N.M. Ali, C.M.J.S. Hallazgo, C.J.F. Lopez, Y.C. Ebora, Solution blow spinning (SBS) nanofibers for composite air filter masks, ACS Ap-plied Nano Materials 2(4) (2019) 2475-2483. ## [94] R. Givehchi, The Effect of Capillary Force on Airborne Nanoparticle Filtration, Journal of Aerosol Science 83 (2015) 12-24. ## [95] A.W. Richardson, J.P. Eshbaugh, K.C. Hofacre, P.D. Gardner, Respirator Filter Efficiency Testing Against Particulate and Biological Aerosols Under Moderate to High Flow Rates, 2006. ## [96] J.T. Huang, V.I. Huang, Evaluation of the efficiency of medical masks and the creation of new medical masks, The Journal of international medical research 35(2) (2007) 213-23. ## [97] X. Xiao, L. Qian, Investigation of humidity-dependent capillary force, Langmuir 16(21) (2000) 8153-8158. ## [98] Y. Kousaka, K. Okuyama, M. Shimada, Y. Takii, Development of a method for testing very high-efficiency membrane filters for ultrafine aerosol particles, Journal of Chemical Engi-neering of Japan 23(5) (1990) 568-574. ## [99] K. Willeke, Y. Qian, J. Donnelly, S. Grinshpun, V. Ulevicius, Penetration of airborne microorganisms through a surgical mask and a dust/mist respirator, American Indus-trial Hygiene Association journal 57(4) (1996) 348-55. ## [100] P.K. Kang, D.O. Shah, Filtration of Nanopar-ticles with Dimethyldioctadecylammonium Bromide Treated Microporous Polypropylene Filters, Langmuir 13 (1997) 1820-1826. ## [101] S. Guha, B. McCaffrey, P. Hariharan, M.R. Myers, Quantification of leakage of sub-micron aerosols through surgical masks and facemasks for pediatric use, Journal of occupational and en-vironmental hygiene 14(3) (2017) 214-223. ## [102] A. Moradmand, H. Khaloozadeh, An experimental study of modeling and self-tuning regulator design for an electro-hydro servo-system, 2017. ## [103] K. Donaldson, V. Stone, A. Clouter, L. Renwick, W. MacNee, Ultrafine particles, Occupational and environmental medicine 58(3) (2001) 211-6, 199. ## [104] J.P. Eshbaugh, P.D. Gardner, A.W. Richardson, K.C. Hofacre, N95 and p100 respirator filter efficiency under high constant and cyclic flow, Journal of occupational and environmental hy-giene 6(1) (2009) 52-61. ## [105] H.-C. Wang, G. Kasper, Filtration efficiency of nanometer-size aerosol par-ticles, Journal of Aerosol Science 22(1) (1991) 31-41. ## [106] C.S. Kim, L. Bao, K. Okuyama, M. Shimada, H. Niinuma, Filtration efficiency of a fibrous filter for nanoparticles, Journal of Nanoparticle Research 8(2) (2006) 215-221. ## [107] K. Sutherland, G. Chase, Filters and filtration handbook, Elsevier2011. ## [108] W.H. Revoir, Respiratory protection handbook, CRC Press1997. ## [109] M.J. Schick, Introduction to aerosol science, Parker C. Reist, MacMillan, New York, 1984, 299 pp. Price: $38.00, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 23 (1985) 162. ## [110] S. Fooladi, S. Matin, A. Mahmoodpoor, Copper as a potential adjunct therapy for critically ill COVID-19 patients, Clinical Nutrition ESPEN 40 (2020) 90-91. ## [111] P.P. Tsai, H. Schreuder-Gibson, P. Gibson, Different electrostatic methods for making electret filters, Journal of electrostatics 54(3-4) (2002) 333-341. ## [112] A.C. Canalli Bortolassi, V.G. Guerra, M.L. Aguiar, L. Sous-san, D. Cornu, P. Miele, M. Bechelany, Composites Based on Nanoparticle and Pan Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Air Filtration and Bacterial Removal, Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 9(12) (2019) 1740. ## [113] Z. Zhao, H. Cui, W. Song, X. Ru, W. Zhou, X. Yu, A simple magnetic nanoparticles-based viral RNA extraction method for efficient detection of SARS-CoV-2, (2020) 2020.02.22.961268. ## [114] M. Liao, H. Liu, X. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Huang, X. Liu, K. Brenan, J. Mecha, M. Nirmalan, J.R. Lu, A technical review of face mask wearing in preventing respiratory COVID-19 transmission, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science 52 (2021) 101417. ## [115] D. Sundhari, N. Dhineshbabu, S. Sutha, M.R. Saravanan, Encapsulation of bioactive agent (Curcumin, Moringa) in electrospun nanofibers–Some insights into recent research trends, Materials Today: Proceedings (2021). ## [116] M.A. Alam, M.H. Asoushe, P. Pourhakkak, L. Gritsch, A. Ali-pour, S. Mohammadi, Preparation of bioactive polymer-based composite by different techniques and applica-tion in tissue engineering: A review, Journal of Composites and Compounds 3(8) (2021) 194-205. ## [117] M. Arefian, M. Hojjati, I. Tajzad, A. Mokhtarzade, M. Mazhar, A. Jamavari, A review of Polyvinyl alco-hol/Carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) composites for various applications, Journal of Composites and Compounds 2(3) (2020) 69-76. ## [118] R.N. Azadani, M. Sabbagh, H. Salehi, A. Cheshmi, A. Raza, B. Ku-mari, G. Erabi, Sol-gel: Uncomplicated, routine and affordable synthesis procedure for utilization of compo-sites in drug delivery, Journal of Composites and Compounds 3(6) (2021) 57-70. ## [119] S. Ben-Shabat, L. Yarmolinsky, D. Porat, A. Dahan, Antiviral effect of phytochemicals from medicinal plants: Applications and drug delivery strategies, Drug Delivery and Translational Research 10(2) (2020) 354-367. ## [120] M. Cai, H. Li, S. Shen, Y. Wang, Q. Yang, Customized design and 3D printing of face seal for an N95 filtering facepiece respirator, Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene 15(3) (2018) 226-234. ## [121] Z.K. Shinwari, M. Qaiser, M.Q. Nasar, A. Ali, Indigenous knowledge based herbal medicine for corona (COVID-19) treat-ment, Pak J Bot 52(4) (2020) 1427-34. ## [122] J.S. Mani, J.B. Johnson, J.C. Steel, D.A. Broszczak, P.M. Neilsen, K.B. Walsh, M. Naiker, Natural product-derived phytochemicals as potential agents against corona-viruses: A review, Virus Research 284 (2020) 197989. ## [123] I. Dammak, P.J.d.A. Sobral, A. Aquino, M.A.d. Neves, C.A. Conte-Junior, Nanoemulsions: Using emulsifiers from natural sources replacing synthetic ones—A review, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19(5) (2020) 2721-2746. ## [124] S. Banerjee, Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of Phytochemical Compounds Against Major Maladies: Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease, Plant-derived Bioactives, Springer2020, pp. 591-619. ## [125] D. Guzman-Villanueva, I.M. El-Sherbiny, D. Herrera-Ruiz, H.D. Smyth, Design and in vitro evaluation of a new nano-microparticulate system for enhanced aqueous-phase solubility of curcumin, BioMed research interna-tional 2013 (2013). ## [126] M. Kaur, G. Devi, M. Nagpal, M. Singh, G.A. Dhingra, G. Aggarwal, Antiviral essential oils incorporated in nanocarriers: Strategy for prevention from COVID-19 and future infectious pan-demics, Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 8(6) (2020) 437-451. ## [127] N. Mittal, V. Garg, S.K. Bhadada, O.P. Katare, Role of novel drug delivery systems in coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19): Time to act now, Current Drug Delivery 18(3) (2021) 289-296. ## [128] E. Szymańska, P. Orłowski, K. Winnicka, E. Tomaszewska, P. Bąska, G. Celichowski, J. Grobelny, A. Basa, M. Krzyżowska, Multifunctional Tannic Acid/Silver Nanoparti-cle-Based Mucoadhesive Hydrogel for Improved Local Treatment of HSV Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, International journal of molecular sciences 19(2) (2018). ## [129] A.A. Haroun, H.A. Amin, S.H. Abd El-Alim, Immobilization and In vitro Evaluation of Soyasapogenol B onto Functionalized Multi-Walled Car-bon Nanotubes, IRBM 39(1) (2018) 35-42. ## [130] R.K. Sharma, K. Cwiklinski, R. Aalinkeel, J.L. Reynolds, D.E. Sykes, E. Quaye, J. Oh, S.D. Mahajan, S.A. Schwartz, Immunomodulatory activities of curcumin-stabilized silver nanoparticles: efficacy as an antiretroviral therapeutic, Immunological investigations 46(8) (2017) 833-846. ## [131] J. Xiao, J. Liang, C. Zhang, Y. Tao, G.-W. Ling, Q.-H. Yang, Advanced Materials for Capturing Particulate Matter: Progress and Perspectives, Small Methods 2(7) (2018) 1800012. ## [132] D.H. Reneker, I. Chun, Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning, Nanotechnology 7(3) (1996) 216. ## [133] J.A. Abbas, I.A.-M. Said, M.A. Mohamed, S. Yasin, Z.A. Ali, I.H. Ahmed, Electrospin-ning of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers: optimization study using taguchi design of experiment, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (2018). ## [134] A. Yang, L. Cai, R. Zhang, J. Wang, P.-C. Hsu, H. Wang, G. Zhou, J. Xu, Y. Cui, Thermal management in nanofiber-based face mask, Nano letters 17(6) (2017) 3506-3510. ## [135] C. Yang, Aerosol Filtration Application Using Fibrous Media—An Industrial Perspective, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 20(1) (2012) 1-9. ## [136] S.A. Yasin, J.A. Abbas, I.A. Saeed, I.H. Ahmed, The application of green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles embedded in polyethylene terephthalate nanofibers in the study of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, Poly-mer Bulletin 77 (2019) 3473-3484. ## [137] R.S. Barhate, S. Sundarrajan, D. Pliszka, S. Ramakrishna, Fine chemical processing: The potential of nanofibres in filtration, Filtration and Separation 45(4) (2008) 32-35. ## [138] V. Thavasi, G. Singh, S. Ramakrishna, Electrospun nanofibers in energy and environmental applica-tions, Energy and Environmental Science 1(2) (2008) 205-221. ## [139] V. Shabafrooz, M. Mozafari, D. Vashaee, L. Tayebi, Electrospun nanofibers: from filtration membranes to highly specialized tissue engineer-ing scaffolds, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology 14(1) (2014) 522-34. ## [140] D. von Loesecke, B. Murphey, Machinery and processing: An overview of engine filtration, Filtration and Separation 45(7) (2008) 17-19. ## [141] G.J. Hofmeyr, A.P. Betrán, M. Singata-Madliki, G. Cormick, S.P. Munjanja, S. Fawcus, S. Mose, D. Hall, A. Ciganda, A.H. Seuc, T.A. Lawrie, E. Bergel, J.M. Roberts, P. von Dadelszen, J.M. Belizán, F. Althabe, J.M. Belizán, E. Bergel, A. Ciganda, G. Cormick, D. Sawchuck, M. Vidler, S. Allie, J. Anthony, K. Frank, A. de Greeff, S. Fawcus, D. Hall, J. Hofmeyr, M. Kovane, P. Kovane, T. Lawrie, S. Mose, N. Mshweshwe, V. Mqikela, P. Njikelana, N. Novikova, A. Oyebajo, C. Parker, A. Phuti, M. Singata-Madliki, E. van Papendorp, X. Williams, A.P. Betrán, T. Dannemann, A. Seuc, L. Magee, P. von Dadelszen, F. Donnay, S. Drebit, J. Roberts, B. Guzha, E. Makaza, S. Manyame, S. Munjanja, E. Tahuringana, Prepregnancy and early pregnancy calcium supplementation among women at high risk of pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet 393(10169) (2019) 330-339. ## [142] M. Munzarová, Barrier fabric containing nanofiber layer, Brno, Nanocon (2013) 16-19. ## [143] X. Li, Y. Gong, Design of Polymeric Nanofiber Gauze Mask to Prevent Inhaling PM2.5 Particles from Haze Pollution, Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015) 460392.