1 Synergistic effects of ferric sulfate addition and mechanical activation on leaching of Sarcheshmeh copper sulfide concentrate https://jourcc.com/index.php/jourcc/article/view/jcc334 10.52547/jcc.3.3.4 20.1001.1.26765837.2021.3.8.4.1 1 In this paper, the leaching of a sulfide concentrate, from “Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex”, by sulfuric acid is studied. The influences of sulfuric acid concentration and leaching temperature were scrutinized to optimize the processing parameters and to disclose the kinetics of the extraction process. The leaching rate of copper was not significantly improved with enhancing the temperature and concentration of sulfuric acid. The formation of elemental sulfur was found as a reducer of the leaching rate. Only ~70% of copper was extracted by adding 1M ferric sulfate as the oxidant agent, as well as increasing the leaching temperature up to 85 °C. By leaching the mechanically activated concentrate in Fe2(SO4)3-doped H2SO4 at 85 °C, the amount of extracted copper was ~90% after 180 min. The experimental results were excellently fitted with the diffusion-controlled kinetic model as the activation energy of ~27 kJ/mol was estimated. 171 175 Mehdi Shahedi Asl University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Iran Mehdi.Shahedi.Asl@unb.ca Hekmat Razavizadeh Iran University of Science and Technology Iran info@jourcc.com Leaching Copper Sulfide concentrate Ferric sulfate Mechanical activation Article4.pdf [1] G. Liu, Y. Wu, A. Tang, D. Pan, B. Li, Recovery of scattered and precious metals from copper anode slime by hydrometallurgy: A review, Hydrometallurgy. 197 (2020) 105460. ## [2] R. Vracar, L. Saljic, M. Sokic, V. Matkovic, S. Radosavljevic, Chemical-technological processing of the complex barite-sulphide ore, Scand. J. Metall. 32 (2003) 289–295. ## [3] Q. Zhang, S. Wen, Q. Feng, S. Zhang, W. Nie, Multianalysis Characteriza-tion of Mineralogical Properties of Copper-Lead-Zinc Mixed Ores and Implications for Comprehensive Re-covery, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020 (2020) 1–16. ## [4] F. Jiao, Y. Cui, D. Wang, C. Hu, Research of the re-placement of dichromate with depressants mixture in the separation of copper-lead sulfides by flotation, Sep. Purif. Technol. (2021) 119330. ## [5] R. Padilla, G. Rodríguez, M.C. Ruiz, Copper and arsenic dissolution from chalcopyrite–enargite concentrate by sulfidation and pressure leaching in H2SO4–O2, Hydrometallurgy. 100 (2010) 152–156. ## [6] M.. Antonijević, Z.. Janković, M.. Dimitrijević, Kinetics of chalcopyrite dissolu-tion by hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid, Hydrometallurgy. 71 (2004) 329–334. ## [7] J. Li, Y. He, Y. Fu, W. Xie, Y. Feng, K. Alejandro, Hydrometallurgical enhanced liberation and recovery of anode material from spent lithium-ion batteries, Waste Manag. 126 (2021) 517–526. ## [8] R.G. McDonald, D.M. Muir, Pressure oxidation leaching of chalcopyrite. Part I. Comparison of high and low temperature reaction kinetics and products, Hydrometallurgy. 86 (2007) 191–205. ## [9] V. Mahajan, M. Misra, K. Zhong, M.C. Fuerstenau, Enhanced leaching of copper from chalcopyrite in hydrogen peroxide–glycol system, Miner. Eng. 20 (2007) 670–674. ## [10] Y.L. Mikhlin, Y. V Tomashevich, I.P. Asanov, A. V Okotrub, V.A. Varnek, D. V Vyalikh, Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of the surface layers of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) reacted in acidic solutions, Appl. Surf. Sci. 225 (2004) 395–409. ## [11] G. Izydorczyk, K. Mikula, D. Skrzypczak, K. Moustakas, A. Witek-Krowiak, K. Chojnacka, Potential environmental pollution from copper metallurgy and methods of management, Environ. Res. 197 (2021) 111050. ## [12] Z. Wu, W. Yuan, J. Li, X. Wang, L. Liu, J. Wang, A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards us-ing hydrometallurgy, Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 11 (2017) 8. ## [13] D. Emerson, Pyrite – the firestone, Pre-view. 2019 (2019) 52–64. ## [14] Å. Sandström, A. Shchukarev, J. Paul, XPS characterisation of chalcopyrite chemically and bio-leached at high and low redox potential, Miner. Eng. 18 (2005) 505–515. ## [15] W. Saj-jad, G. Zheng, G. Din, X. Ma, M. Rafiq, W. Xu, Metals Extraction from Sulfide Ores with Microorganisms: The Bioleaching Technology and Recent Developments, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 72 (2019) 559–579. ## [16] Q. Mai, H. Zhou, L. Ou, Flotation Separation of Chalcopyrite and Talc Using Calcium Ions and Calcium Lig-nosulfonate as a Combined Depressant, Metals (Basel). 11 (2021) 651. ## [17] D.G. DIXON, D.D. MAYNE, K.G. BAXTER, GALVANOXTM – A NOVEL GALVANICALLY-ASSISTED ATMOSPHERIC LEACHING TECHNOLOGY FOR COPPER CONCENTRATES, Can. Metall. Q. 47 (2008) 327–336. ## [18] P. Hernández, A. Dorador, M. Martínez, N. Toro, J. Castillo, Y. Ghorbani, Use of Seawater/Brine and Caliche’s Salts as Clean and Environmentally Friendly Sources of Chloride and Nitrate Ions for Chalcopyrite Concentrate Leaching, Minerals. 10 (2020) 477. ## [19] C.I. Castellón, P.C. Hernández, L. Velásquez-Yévenes, M.E. Taboada, An Alternative Process for Leaching Chalcopyrite Concentrate in Nitrate-Acid-Seawater Media with Oxidant Recovery, Metals (Basel). 10 (2020) 518. ## [20] S.M.J. Koleini, V. Aghazadeh, Å. Sandström, Acid-ic sulphate leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates in presence of pyrite, Miner. Eng. 24 (2011) 381–386. ## [21] E.M. Córdoba, J.A. Muñoz, M.L. Blázquez, F. González, A. Ballester, Leaching of chalcopyrite with fer-ric ion. Part I: General aspects, Hydrometallurgy. 93 (2008) 81–87. ## [22] Y. Ma, Y. Yang, R. Fan, X. Gao, L. Zheng, M. Chen, Chalcopyrite leaching in ammonium chloride solutions under ambient conditions: Insight into the dissolution mechanism by XANES, Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical studies, Miner. Eng. 170 (2021) 107063. ## [23] D. Dreisinger, Copper leaching from primary sulfides: Options for biological and chemical extraction of copper, Hydrometallurgy. 83 (2006) 10–20. ## [24] J. You, S.K. Solongo, A. Gomez-Flores, S. Choi, H. Zhao, M. Urík, S. Ilyas, H. Kim, Intensified bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate using adapted mesophilic culture in continuous stirred tank reactors, Bioresour. Technol. 307 (2020) 123181. ## [25] T. Wen, Y. Zhao, Q. Ma, Q. Xiao, T. Zhang, J. Chen, S. Song, Microwave improving copper extraction from chalcopyrite through modifying the surface structure, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9 (2020) 263–270. ## [26] M.D. Sokić, B. Marković, D. Živković, Kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching by sodium nitrate in sulphuric acid, Hydrometallurgy. 95 (2009) 273–279. ## [27] M. Kartal, F. Xia, D. Ralph, W.D.A. Rickard, F. Renard, W. Li, Enhancing chalcopyrite leaching by tetrachloroethylene-assisted removal of sulphur passivation and the mechanism of jarosite formation, Hydrometallurgy. 191 (2020) 105192. ## [28] S. Lin, L. Gao, Y. Yang, J. Chen, S. Guo, M. Omran, G. Chen, Efficiency and sustainable leaching process of manganese from pyrolusite-pyrite mixture in sulfuric acid systems enhanced by microwave heating, Hydrometallurgy. 198 (2020) 105519. ## [29] N. Hiroyoshi, H. Miki, T. Hirajima, M. Tsunekawa, Enhancement of chalcopyrite leaching by ferrous ions in acidic ferric sulfate solutions, Hydrometallurgy. 60 (2001) 185–197. ## [30] C. Erust, A. Akcil, A. Tuncuk, H. Deveci, E.Y. Yazici, S. Panda, A novel approach based on solvent displacement crystallisation for iron removal and copper recovery from solutions of semi-pilot scale bioleaching of WPCBs, J. Clean. Prod. 294 (2021) 126346. ## [31] Z.Y. Lu, M.I. Jeffrey, F. Lawson, The effect of chloride ions on the dissolution of chalcopyrite in acidic solutions, Hydrometallurgy. 56 (2000) 189–202. ## [32] F. Nikkhou, F. Xia, A.P. Dedi-tius, X. Yao, Formation mechanisms of surface passivating phases and their impact on the kinetics of galena leaching in ferric chloride, ferric perchlorate, and ferric nitrate solutions, Hydrometallurgy. 197 (2020) 105468. ## [33] P. Hernández, G. Gahona, M. Martínez, N. Toro, J. Castillo, Caliche and Seawater, Sources of Nitrate and Chloride Ions to Chalcopyrite Leaching in Acid Media, Metals (Basel). 10 (2020) 551. ## [34] X. Gao, Y. Yang, S. Yang, Y. Ma, M. Chen, Microstructure evolution of chalcopyrite agglomerates during leach-ing – A synchrotron-based X-ray CT approach combined with a data-constrained modelling (DCM), Hydro-metallurgy. 201 (2021) 105586. ## [35] J.. Dutrizac, Elemental sulphur formation during the ferric chloride leaching of chalcopyrite, Hydrometallurgy. 23 (1990) 153–176. ## [36] J.E. Dutrizac, Elemental Sulphur Formation During the Ferric Sulphate Leaching of Chalcopyrite, Can. Metall. Q. 28 (1989) 337–344. ## [37] R. Bredenhann, C.P.J. Van Vuuren, The leaching behaviour of a nickel concentrate in an oxidative sulphuric acid solution, Miner. Eng. 12 (1999) 687–692. ## [38] S.K. Sahu, E. Asselin, Effect of oxidizing agents on the hydrometallurgical purification of metallurgical grade silicon, Hydrometallurgy. 121–124 (2012) 120–125.