1 Factors influencing the failure of dental implants: A systematic review https://jourcc.com/index.php/jourcc/article/view/jcc213 10.29252/jcc.2.1.3 20.1001.1.26765837.2020.2.2.3.1 1 Currently, dental implants are considered as useful alternatives to missing teeth although they may suffer from failure. In this study the current scientific literature has been reviewed to highlight the risk factors which affect dental implant failure. Radiotherapy in neck and head cancers, diabetes, smoking, Osteoporosis, and HIV can increase the occurrence of risk factors for the failure of dental implant. As a result of negative impacts on osseointegration, osteoporosis, smoking, and head, the neck radiotherapy causes higher risk of dental implant failure. The irradiation target volume during radiotherapy is the main cause of implant failure especially due to the increment of marginal bone resorption. Additionally, healing of bones around dental implants is negatively affected by heavy smoking due to the reduction of the healing speed. But diabetes has lower risk factors (i.e. complication compromise the healing of soft tissues, periodontitis, tooth loss, delayed wound healing, and impaired response to infection, etc.) and also in HIV-positive such as reducing the periotest values ‎during healing, etc. ‎Therefore, more attention should be paid to this patients and treat them with controlled oral surgical procedures. 18 25 Leila Bazli Iran University of Science and Technology Iran info@jourcc.com Hiva Nargesi khoramabadi Payame Noor University (PNU) Iran Hiva.nargesi@yahoo.com Amir Modarresi Chahardehi Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia info@jourcc.com Hasni Arsad Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia info@jourcc.com Behzad Malekpouri Sharif University of Technology Iran info@jourcc.com Mohammadreza Asgari Jazi Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU) Iran info@jourcc.com Negar Azizabadi Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU) Iran info@jourcc.com Risk factorRisk factor Failure Dental implants Osseointegration Article3.pdf [1] H. Mously, B. Badeeb, N. Bahbishi, W. Mzain, G. Naguib, M. Hamed, Knowledge and atti-tude toward replacing missing teeth with dental implants among the Saudi population, journal of orthodontic science 9(1) (2020) 5-5.##[2] A. Solderer, A. Al-Jazrawi, P. Sahrmann, R. Jung, T. Attin, P.R. Schmidlin, Removal of failed dental implants revisited: Questions and answers, Clinical and Experimental Dental Research 5(6) (2019) 712-724.##[3] M. Roy, L. Loutan, G. Garavaglia, D. Hashim, Removal of osseointegrated dental implants: a systematic review of explantation techniques, Clinical Oral Investigations 24(1) (2020) 47-60.##[4] C. Machuca, M.V. Vettore, P.G. Robinson, How peoples’ ratings of dental implant treatment change over time?, Quality of Life Research (2020).##[5] P. Vasamsetty, T. Pss, D. Kukkala, M. Singam-shetty, S. Gajula, 3D printing in dentistry – Exploring the new horizons, Materials Today: Pro-ceedings (2020).##[6] H. Naujokat, B. Kunzendorf, J. Wiltfang, Dental implants and diabetes mellitus—a systematic review, International journal of implant dentistry 2(1) (2016) 5.##[7] N. Pranno, G. La Monaca, A. Polimeni, M.S. Sarto, D. Uccelletti, E. Bruni, M.P. Cristalli, D. Cav-allini, I. Vozza, Antibacterial Activity against Staphylococcus Aureus of Titanium Surfaces Coated with Graphene Nanoplatelets to Prevent Peri-Implant Diseases. An In-Vitro Pilot Study, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(5) (2020) 1568.##[8] M.V. Olmedo-Gaya, F.J. Manzano-Moreno, E. Cañaveral-Cavero, J. de Dios Luna-del Castillo, M. Vallecillo-Capilla, Risk factors associated with early implant failure: A 5-year retrospective clinical study, The Journal of prosthetic dentistry 115(2) (2016) 150-155.##[9] J. Yazdani, E. Ahmadian, S. Sharifi, S. Shahi, S.M. Dizaj, A short view on nanohydroxyapatite as coating of dental implants, Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 105 (2018) 553-557.##[10] X.-y. Qi, L. Sui, W.-q. Liu, Dental Implant and Oral Diseases, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 185-209.##[11] G.C. Boven, H.J.A. Meijer, A. Vissink, G.M. Raghoebar, Maxillary implant over-dentures retained by use of bars or locator attachments: 1-year findings from a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Prosthodontic Research 64(1) (2020) 26-33.##[12] A. Bezdjian, Z. Verzani, H.G.X.M. Thomeer, B. Willie, S.J. Daniel, Smoking as a risk factor for spontaneous bone anchored hearing implant extrusion: A case report and review of literature, Otolaryngolo-gy Case Reports 14 (2020) 100140.##[13] J.-J. Kim, J.-H. Lee, J.C. Kim, J.-B. Lee, I.-S.L. Yeo, Biological Responses to the Transitional Area of Dental Implants: Material- and Structure-Dependent Responses of Peri-Implant Tissue to Abutments, Materials 13(1) (2019) 72.##[14] A. Alghamdi, K. Al-Motari, C. Sundar, J.A. Jansen, H. Alghamdi, Chapter 2 - Dental implants treatment: Clinical indications, in: H. Alghamdi, J. Jansen (Eds.), Dental Implants and Bone Grafts, Woodhead Publishing2020, pp. 23-42.##[15] M. Hou, R.S.B. Lee, Z. Du, S.M. Hamlet, C. Vaquette, S. Ivanovski, The influence of high-dose systemic zoledronate administration on osseointegration of implants with different surface topography, Journal of Periodontal Research 54(6) (2019) 633-643.##[16] S. Mohammadpour, S. Khorramymehr, Comparing one-and two-piece dental abutments under dynamic loading: A 3-D finite element analysis.##[17] A. TV, SIGN IN/REGISTER, Compendium (2020).##[18] M. Assery, A 22-Year Follow Up of Imme-diate Implant Placement without Bone Augmentation: A Case Series Study, Journal of Prostho-dontics 29(2) (2020) 101-106.##[19] Z.M. Al-Sadah, M.S. AlShakhas, Osseous Integration Af-ter Exenteration, in: T.E. Johnson (Ed.), Anophthalmia : The Expert's Guide to Medical and Surgical Management, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 107-126.##[20] B.R. Chrcanovic, J. Kisch, T. Albrektsson, A. Wennerberg, A retrospective study on clinical and ra-diological outcomes of oral implants in patients followed up for a minimum of 20 years, Clini-cal Implant Dentistry and Related Research 20(2) (2018) 199-207.##[21] G. Pompa, M. Sac-cucci, G. Di Carlo, E. Brauner, V. Valentini, S. Di Carlo, T. Gentile, G. Guarino, A. Polimeni, Survival of dental implants in patients with oral cancer treated by surgery and radiotherapy: a retrospective study, BMC Oral Health 15(1) (2015) 5.##[22] X. Wen, R. Liu, G. Li, M. Deng, L. Liu, X.-T. Zeng, X. Nie, History of periodontitis as a risk factor for long-term survival of dental implants: a meta-analysis, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 29(6) (2014) 1271-80.##[23] Z. Gou-darzi, N. Parvin, F. Sharifianjazi, Formation of hydroxyapatite on surface of SiO2– P2O5–CaO–SrO–ZnO bioactive glass synthesized through sol-gel route, Ceramics International 45(15) (2019) 19323-19330.##[24] M.S.N. Shahrbabak, F. Sharifianjazi, D. Rahban, A. Salimi, A Comparative Investigation on Bioactivity and Antibacterial Properties of Sol-Gel Derived 58S Bioactive Glass Substituted by Ag and Zn, Silicon 11(6) (2019) 2741-2751.##[25] S. Rahimi, F. SharifianJazi, A. Esmaeilkhanian, M. Moradi, A.H. Safi Samghabadi, Effect of SiO2 content on Y-TZP/Al2O3 ceramic-nanocomposite properties as potential dental applications, Ceramics International (2020).##[26] A.R. Rouhani, A.H. Esmaeil-Khanian, F. Davar, S. Hasani, The effect of agarose content on the morphology, phase evolution, and magnetic prop-erties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel autocombustion method, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 15(3) (2018) 758-765.##[27] M. Alizadeh, M.H. Pay-dar, F. Sharifian Jazi, Structural evaluation and mechanical properties of nanostructured Al/B4C composite fabricated by ARB process, Composites Part B: Engineering 44(1) (2013) 339-343.##[28] K. Shirvanimoghaddam, S.U. Hamim, M. Karbalaei Akbari, S.M. Fakhrhoseini, H. Khayyam, A.H. Pakseresht, E. Ghasali, M. Zabet, K.S. Munir, S. Jia, J.P. Davim, M. Naebe, Carbon fiber reinforced metal matrix composites: Fabrication processes and properties, Com-posites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 92 (2017) 70-96.##[29] M. Shahedi Asl, I. Farahbakhsh, B. Nayebi, Characteristics of multi-walled carbon nanotube toughened ZrB2–SiC ceramic composite prepared by hot pressing, Ceramics International 42(1, Part B) (2016) 1950-1958.##[30] A. Klinge, D. Khalil, B. Klinge, B. Lund, A. Naimi-Akbar, S. Tranaeus, M. Hultin, Prophylactic antibiotics for staged bone augmentation in implant dentistry, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 78(1) (2020) 64-73.##[31] R. Lieber, N. Pandis, C.M. Faggion Jr, Reporting and handling of incomplete outcome data in implant dentistry: A survey of randomized clinical tri-als, Journal of Clinical Periodontology 47(2) (2020) 257-266.##[32] A. Esmaeilkhanian, F. Sharifianjazi, A. Abouchenari, A. Rouhani, N. Parvin, M. Irani, Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Nano-hydroxyapatite Derived from Turkey Femur-Bone Waste, Applied Biochemis-try and Biotechnology 189(3) (2019) 919-932.##[33] J. Carpentieri, G. Greenstein, J. Cavallaro, Hierarchy of restorative space required for different types of dental implant prostheses, The Journal of the American Dental Association 150(8) (2019) 695-706.##[34] C.A.A. Lemos, F.R. Verri, R.S. Cruz, J.F. Santiago Júnior, L.P. Faverani, E.P. Pellizzer, Survival of dental implants placed in HIV-positive patients: a systematic review, International Journal of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery 47(10) (2018) 1336-1342.##[35] H. Chen, N. Liu, X. Xu, X. Qu, E. Lu, Smoking, radiotherapy, diabetes and osteoporosis as risk factors for dental implant failure: a meta-analysis, PloS one 8(8) (2013).##[36] E. Madeley, The use of MRFA as an adjunct to conven-tional clinical examination following peri-implantitis treatment. A 12 month follow-up, Trinity College Dublin, 2020.##[37] F. Rodríguez Sánchez, C. Rodríguez Andrés, I. Arteagoitia, Which antibiotic regimen prevents implant failure or infection after dental implant surgery? A sys-tematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 46(4) (2018) 722-736.##[38] A. Puisys, M. Schlee, T. Linkevicius, P. Petrakakis, A. Tjaden, Photo-activated im-plants: a triple-blinded, split-mouth, randomized controlled clinical trial on the resistance to removal torque at various healing intervals, Clinical Oral Investigations (2019).##[39] S. Sprio, L. Preti, M. Montesi, S. Panseri, A. Adamiano, A. Vandini, N.M. Pugno, A. Tampieri, Surface Phenomena Enhancing the Antibacterial and Osteogenic Ability of Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite, Activated by Multiple-Ion Doping, ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering 5(11) (2019) 5947-5959.##[40] A.S. Kullar, C.S. Miller, Are There Contraindications for Plac-ing Dental Implants?, Dental Clinics 63(3) (2019) 345-362.##[41] A. Monje, G. Alcoforado, M. Padial‐Molina, F. Suarez, G.H. Lin, H.L. Wang, Generalized aggressive periodontitis as a risk factor for dental implant failure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis, Journal of periodon-tology 85(10) (2014) 1398-1407.##[42] Y. Huang, P. Gong, The Role of Substance Abuse in Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compro-mised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 21-35.##[43] T.V. Sparrow, D.W. Dodington, J.L. Yumol, P.C. Fritz, W.E. Ward, Higher intakes of flavonoids are associat-ed with lower salivary IL-1β and maintenance of periodontal health 3–4 years after scaling and root planing, Journal of Clinical Periodontology n/a(n/a) (2020).##[44] X.-b. Duan, K. Doi, Q. Yuan, S.-w. Zhang, Other Conditions Affecting Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publish-ing, Cham, 2020, pp. 211-253.##[45] C. Hsiao, H. Qing, Drug-Induced Disorders and Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 149-183.##[46] Y.-s. Wu, Y. Wang, Q. Yuan, Dental Implant Treatment for Diabetic Patients, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Im-plant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 103-127.##[47] J. Collen, C. Lettieri, E. Wickwire, A. Holley, Obstructive sleep ap-nea and cardiovascular disease, a story of confounders!, Sleep and Breathing (2020).##[48] C.R. Ellis, G.G. Jackson, When to Refer Patients for Left Atrial Appendage Closure, Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 12(1) (2020) 29-37.##[49] R. Gómez-de Diego, Indications and con-traindications of dental implants in medically compromised patients: update, Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 19(5) (2014) e483.##[50] E. van Duinkerken, A.M.A. Brands, Neurocognitive Functioning in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, in: A.M. Delamater, D.G. Marrero (Eds.), Behavioral Diabetes: Social Ecological Perspectives for Pediatric and Adult Populations, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 365-380.##[51] J. Dissemond, Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease, in: G. Plewig, L. French, T. Ruzicka, R. Kaufmann, M. Hertl (Eds.), Braun-Falco´s Dermatology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2020, pp. 1-10.##[52] M. Karvani, P. Simos, S. Stavrakaki, D. Kapoukranidou, Neurocognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hormones 18(4) (2019) 523-534.##[53] G. Sharma, M.U. Ashhar, V. Aeri, D.P. Katare, Development and characterization of late-stage diabetes mellitus and -associated vascular complications, Life Sciences 216 (2019) 295-304.##[54] S. Kolahian, V. Leiss, B. Nürnberg, Diabetic lung disease: fact or fiction?, Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 20(3) (2019) 303-319.##[55] D. Cabanillas-Balsera, J. Martín-González, P. Montero-Miralles, B. Sánchez-Domínguez, M.C. Jiménez-Sánchez, J.J. Segura-Egea, Association between diabetes and nonretention of root filled teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, International Endodontic Journal 52(3) (2019) 297-306.##[56] V. Nagen-drababu, J.J. Segura-Egea, A.F. Fouad, S.J. Pulikkotil, P.M.H. Dummer, Association between diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment in adults: an umbrella review, International Endodontic Journal n/a(n/a) (2019).##[57] A. Ghadiri-Anari, N. Hazar, M. Jalili Sadrabad, S. Kharazmi, K. Kheirollahi, A. Mohiti, N. Namiranian, Comparing the frequency of some oral lesions in prediabetic and healthy individuals: Is there any difference?, International Journal of Preventive Medicine 10(1) (2019) 177-177.##[58] S. Halimi, J.P. Brun, Peut-on poser des im-plants dentaires chez les patients diabétiques ?, Médecine des Maladies Métaboliques 12(4) (2018) 333-339.##[59] D. Popa, R.I. Juncar, M. Juncar, Histological Analysis of the Mandible in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for Implant-Prosthetic Rehabilitation. A Pilot Case-Control Study, American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Scienc-es (ASRJETS) 61(1) (2019) 54-60.##[60] A.H. Almehmadi, Awareness of population regarding the effects of diabetes on dental implant treatment in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Heliyon 5(9) (2019) e02407.##[61] P. Barrionuevo, G.H. Giambartolomei, Inhibition of antigen presentation by Brucella: many more than many ways, Microbes and Infection 21(3) (2019) 136-142.##[62] Y. Suzuki, The immune system utilizes two distinct effector mechanisms of T cells depending on two different life cycle stages of a single pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, to control its cere-bral infection, Parasitology International 76 (2020) 102030.##[63] K.B. Arnold, G.L. Szeto, G. Alter, D.J. Irvine, D.A. Lauffenburger, CD4andlt;supandgt;+andlt;/supandgt; T cell–dependent and CD4andlt;supandgt;+andlt;/supandgt; T cell–independent cytokine-chemokine network changes in the immune responses of HIV-infected individuals, Science Signaling 8(399) (2015) ra104.##[64] M.T. Goupil, C. Niekrash, Surgical complications in dentistry, Clinical Dentistry Reviewed 4(1) (2020) 3.##[65] D. Lauritano, G. Moreo, L. Oberti, A. Lucchese, D. Di Stasio, M. Conese, F. Carinci, Oral Manifestations in HIV-Positive Children: A Systematic Review, Pathogens 9(2) (2020) 88.##[66] L.T. Odono, C.M. Brady, M. Urata, 1.14 - Mandible Fractures, in: A.H. Dorafshar, E.D. Rodriguez, P.N. Manson (Eds.), Facial Trauma Surgery, Content Re-pository Only!, London, 2020, pp. 168-185.##[67] A. Bonito, L. Palton, D. Shugars, K. Lohr, J. Nelson, J. Bader, A. Jackman, Management of dental patients who are HIV-positive: complica-tions, (2019).##[68] M.C. Sloniak, S.R.B. Todero, L.A. Lyra, E.B. Fontana, P.S. Batista, A.A.S. de Lima, Dental extraction in patients with HIV/AIDS: report of two cases, RSBO 16(1) (2019) 51-56.##[69] J. Ata-Ali, F. Ata-Ali, N. Di-Benedetto, L. Bagán, J.-V. Bagán, Does HIV infec-tion have an impact upon dental implant osseointegration? A systematic review, Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 20(3) (2015) e347.##[70] F. Vidal, R. Vidal, J. Bochnia, R.C. de Souza, L.S. Gonçalves, Dental implants and bone augmentation in HIV-infected patients under HAART: Case report and review of the literature, Special Care in Dentistry 37(3) (2017) 150-155.##[71] C. Gay-Escoda, D. Pérez-Álvarez, O. Camps-Font, R. Figueiredo, Long-term out-comes of oral rehabilitation with dental implants in HIV-positive patients: A retrospective case series, Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 21(3) (2016) e385.##[72] R. Naseri, J. Yaghini, A. Feizi, Levels of smoking and dental implants failure: A systematic review and me-ta-analysis, Journal of Clinical Periodontology n/a(n/a) (2020).##[73] S.Ş. Güven, F. Cabbar, N. Güler, Local and systemic factors associated with marginal bone loss around dental implants: a retrospective clinical study, Quintessence International 51(2) (2020).##[74] F. Zuffetti, L. Testarelli, P. Bertani, S. Vassilopoulos, T. Testori, R. Guarnieri, A Retrospective Multicenter Study on Short Implants With a Laser-Microgrooved Collar (≤7.5 mm) in Posterior Edentulous Areas: Radiographic and Clinical Results up to 3 to 5 Years, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 78(2) (2020) 217-227.##[75] S. Attia, C. Narberhaus, H. Schaaf, P. Streckbein, J. Pons-Kühnemann, C. Schmitt, F.W. Neukam, H.-P. Howaldt, S. Böttger, Long-Term Influence of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on Dental Implants after Maxillary Augmentation: Implant Surviv-al and Success Rates, Journal of Clinical Medicine 9(2) (2020) 391.##[76] S. Uppala, A.S. Pa-rihar, V. Modipalle, L. Manual, V.M. Oommen, P. Karadiguddi, P. Gupta, Crestal bone loss around dental implants after implantation of Tricalcium phosphate and Platelet-Rich Plasma: A comparative study, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9(1) (2020) 229.##[77] J.V.d.S. Canellas, R.C. da Costa, R.C. Breves, G.P. de Oliveira, C.M.d.S. Figueredo, R.G. Fischer, A.A. Thole, P.J.D.A. Medeiros, F.G. Ritto, Tomographic and histomorphometric eval-uation of socket healing after tooth extraction using leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin: A ran-domized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 48(1) (2020) 24-32.##[78] L. Van Doorne, L. De Kock, A. De Moor, R. Shtino, E. Bronkhorst, G. Meijer, H. De Bruyn, Flaplessly placed 2.4-mm mini-implants for maxillary overdentures: a prospective multicentre clinical cohort study, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 49(3) (2020) 384-391.##[79] A. Truschnegg, P. Rugani, B. Kirnbauer, L. Kqiku, N. Jakse, R. Kirmeier, Long-term Follow-up for Apical Microsurgery of Teeth with Core and Post Restorations, Journal of Endodontics 46(2) (2020) 178-183.##[80] X.-f. Zheng, A.-c. Mo, Im-mune System-Related Diseases and Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Im-plant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 129-147.##[81] D. Zhao, Q.-c. Xiong, S. Ono, Y. Ninomiya, M. Takechi, Organ Dis-eases and Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compromised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 37-72.##[82] A. Pa-rihar, S. Madhuri, R. Devanna, G. Sharma, R. Singh, K. Shetty, Assessment of failure rate of dental implants in medically compromised patients, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9(2) (2020) 883-885.##[83] J. Nazeer, R. Singh, P. Suri, C. Mouneshkumar, S. Bhardwaj, M. Iqubal, D. , Evaluation of marginal bone loss around dental implants in cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. A comparative study, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9(2) (2020) 729-734.##[84] J. D'Haese, H. De Bruyn, Effect of Smoking Habits on Accuracy of Im-plant Placement Using Mucosally Supported Stereolithographic Surgical Guides, Clinical Im-plant Dentistry and Related Research 15(3) (2013) 402-411.##[85] S. Shenava, P. Singh, C.S. Babu, V. Kumar, B. Jyoti, S. Sharma, Co-relation between smoking and bone healing around dental impants: A clinical study, Journal of International Oral Health 8(2) (2016) 199.##[86] J.D. Chetwood, P. Garg, P. Finch, M. Gordon, Systematic review: the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in low-income settings, Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13(1) (2019) 71-88.##[87] I.E. Williams, D.R. Betterton, P.T. Davis, T.P. Ronaldson, Transporter-Mediated Delivery of Small Molecule Drugs to the Brain: A Critical Mechanism That Can Advance Therapeutic Development for Ischemic Stroke, Pharmaceutics 12(2) (2020).##[88] E.G. Xu, W.H. Richardot, S. Li, L. Buruaem, H.-H. Wei, N.G. Dodder, S.F. Schick, T. Novotny, D. Schlenk, R.M. Gersberg, E. Hoh, Assessing Toxicity and in Vitro Bioac-tivity of Smoked Cigarette Leachate Using Cell-Based Assays and Chemical Analysis, Chemi-cal Research in Toxicology 32(8) (2019) 1670-1679.##[89] H.A. Alhazmi, A. Khalid, S. Sul-tana, S.I. Abdelwahab, W. Ahsan, M.E. Oraiby, M.A. Bratty, Determination of Phytocompo-nents of Twenty-one Varieties of Smokeless Tobacco using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spec-troscopy (GC-MS), South African Journal of Chemistry 72 (2019) 47-54.##[90] D.H. Nguyen, Y.-C. Liao, Y.-S. Ho, L.-C. Chen, H.-W. Chang, T.-C. Cheng, D. Liu, W.-R. Lee, S.-C. Shen, C.-H. Wu, S.-H. Tu, The α9 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Mediates Nicotine-Induced PD-L1 Expression and Regulates Melanoma Cell Proliferation and Migration, Cancers 11(12) (2019).##[91] B.R. Chrcanovic, T. Albrektsson, A. Wennerberg, Smoking and dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Dentistry 43(5) (2015) 487-498.##[92] J. Meyle, P. Casado, I. Fourmousis, P. Kumar, M. Quirynen, G.E. Salvi, General genetic and ac-quired risk factors, and prevalence of peri-implant diseases – Consensus report of working group 1, International Dental Journal 69(S2) (2019) 3-6.##[93] F.V. Ribeiro, S.P. Pimentel, M.G. Corrêa, J.P. Bortoli, M.R. Messora, M.Z. Casati, Resveratrol reverses the negative effect of smoking on peri-implant repair in the tibia of rats, Clinical Oral Implants Research 30(1) (2019) 1-10.##[94] L. Xiang, Y.-q. Chen, Q. Yuan, Medically Compromised Patients: A Bio-logical and Social Challenge, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Com-promised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 11-20.##[95] J.D. Bez-erra Ferreira, J.A. Rodrigues, A. Piattelli, G. Iezzi, S.A. Gehrke, J.A. Shibli, The effect of ciga-rette smoking on early osseointegration of dental implants: a prospective controlled study, Clinical Oral Implants Research 27(9) (2016) 1123-1128.##[96] J.M.d. Campos, A.J. Prati, F.R. Cirano, S.P. Pimentel, G.P. Pastore, V.G. Pecorari, F.V. Ribeiro, M.Z. Casati, R.C.V. Casarin, Smoking Modulates Gene Expression of Type I Collagen, Bone Sialoprotein, and Osteocalcin in Human Alveolar Bone, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 73(11) (2015) 2123-2131.##[97] K. Hemani, D. Ganapathy, V. Ramanathan, Factors contributing to peri-implantitis-A practitioner's perspective, Drug Invention Today 12(5) (2019).##[98] G. Iezzi, A. Piattelli, A. Scarano, M. Degidi, J.A. Shibli, C. Mangano, V. Perrotti, Histological Evaluation of Early and Immediately Loaded Implants Retrieved from Human Jaws, in: M. Peñarrocha-Diago, U. Covani, L. Cuadrado (Eds.), Atlas of Immediate Dental Implant Loading, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2019, pp. 29-47.##[99] L. Romito, Perioperative Management of the Tobacco User, in: E.M. Ferneini, J.D. Bennett (Eds.), Perioperative Assessment of the Maxillofacial Surgery Patient: Problem-based Patient Management, Springer International Pub-lishing, Cham, 2018, pp. 345-358.##[100] C. Sun, J. Zhao, C. Jianghao, T. Hong, Effect of heavy smoking on dental implants placed in male patients posterior mandibles: A prospective clinical study, Journal of Oral Implantology 42(6) (2016) 477-483.##[101] M.T.A. Omran, D.D. Miley, D.E. McLeod, M.N. Garcia, Retrospective Assessment of Survival Rate for Short En-dosseous Dental Implants, Implant Dentistry 24(2) (2015) 185-191.##[102] B. Shugaa-Addin, H.-M. Al-Shamiri, S. Al-Maweri, B. Tarakji, The effect of radiotherapy on survival of dental implants in head and neck cancer patients, Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry 8(2) (2016) e194.##[103] M. Mancha de la Plata, L.N. Gías, P.M. Díez, M. Muñoz-Guerra, R. Gon-zález-García, G.-Y.C. Lee, S. Castrejón-Castrejón, F.J. Rodríguez-Campo, Osseointegrated Im-plant Rehabilitation of Irradiated Oral Cancer Patients, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Sur-gery 70(5) (2012) 1052-1063.##[104] G. Granström, M. Jacobsson, A. Tjellström, Titanium implants in irradiated tissue: benefits from hyperbaric oxygen, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 7(1) (1992).##[105] C. Yingguang, T. Weischer, Comparison of maxillary implant-supported prosthesis in irradiated and non-irradiated patients, Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Medical Sciences] 23(2) (2003) 209-212.##[106] F. Javed, K. Al-Hezaimi, A. Al-Rasheed, K. Almas, G.E. Romanos, Implant sur-vival rate after oral cancer therapy: A review, Oral Oncology 46(12) (2010) 854-859.##[107] M.P. Claudy, S.A.Q. Miguens Jr, R.K. Celeste, R. Camara Parente, P.A.G. Hernandez, A.N. da Silva Jr, Time Interval after Radiotherapy and Dental Implant Failure: Systematic Review of Observational Studies and Meta-Analysis, Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 17(2) (2015) 402-411.##[108] T. Ettl, J. Weindler, M. Gosau, S. Müller, M. Hautmann, F. Zeman, M. Koller, D. Papavasileiou, R. Bürgers, O. Driemel, I. Schneider, C. Klingelhöffer, J. Meier, U. Wahlmann, T.E. Reichert, Impact of radiotherapy on implant-based prosthetic reha-bilitation in patients with head and neck cancer: A prospective observational study on implant survival and quality of life—Preliminary results, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 44(9) (2016) 1453-1462.##[109] A. Korfage, G.M. Raghoebar, J.J.R.H. Slater, J.L.N. Rooden-burg, M.J.H. Witjes, A. Vissink, H. Reintsema, Overdentures on primary mandibular implants in patients with oral cancer: a follow-up study over 14 years, British Journal of Oral and Maxil-lofacial Surgery 52(9) (2014) 798-805.##[110] I. Macías, N. Alcorta-Sevillano, I.C. Rodríguez, A. Infante, Osteoporosis and the Potential of Cell-Based Therapeutic Strategies, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(5) (2020).##[111] Y.-c. Guo, Q. Yuan, Bone Diseases and Dental Implant Treatment, in: Q. Yuan (Ed.), Dental Implant Treatment in Medically Compro-mised Patients, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2020, pp. 73-101.##[112] Y. Zhou, C. Xu, W. Zhu, H. He, L. Zhang, B. Tang, Y. Zeng, Q. Tian, H.-W. Deng, Long Noncoding RNA Analyses for Osteoporosis Risk in Caucasian Women, Calcified Tissue International 105(2) (2019) 183-192.##[113] T. Gupta, N. Das, S. Imran, The Prevention and Therapy of Osteoporo-sis: A Review on Emerging Trends from Hormonal Therapy to Synthetic Drugs to Plant-Based Bioactives, Journal of Dietary Supplements 16(6) (2019) 699-713.##[114] N.N. Younes, Ge-nome-Wide Association Study (Gwas) To Uncover Genetic Risk Factors Associated With Low Bone Mineral Density And Osteoporosis In Qatar Population, 2019.##[115] P. Locantore, V. Del Gatto, S. Gelli, R.M. Paragliola, A. Pontecorvi, The Interplay between Immune System and Microbiota in Osteoporosis, Mediators of Inflammation 2020 (2020).##[116] F.C.F.L. de Medeiros, G.A.H. Kudo, B.G. Leme, P.P. Saraiva, F.R. Verri, H.M. Honório, E.P. Pellizzer, J.F. Santiago Junior, Dental implants in patients with osteoporosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 47(4) (2018) 480-491.##[117] A.Y. Alqutaibi, I.A.-E. Radi, No Clear Evidence Regarding the Effect of Osteoporosis on Den-tal Implant Failure, Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 16(2) (2016) 124-126.##[118] R. Niedermaier, F. Stelzle, M. Riemann, W. Bolz, P. Schuh, H. Wachtel, Implant-Supported Im-mediately Loaded Fixed Full-Arch Dentures: Evaluation of Implant Survival Rates in a Case Cohort of up to 7 Years, Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research 19(1) (2017) 4-19.##[119] G. Alsaadi, M. Quirynen, A. Komárek, D. Van Steenberghe, Impact of local and sys-temic factors on the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection, Journal of Clinical Periodontology 34(7) (2007) 610-617.##[120] J. Liu, Z. Wu, H. He, K. Cai, H. Zhang, L. Xu, Gallium and silicon synergistically promote osseointegration of dental implant in pa-tients with osteoporosis, Medical Hypotheses 103 (2017) 35-38.