1 Recent trends and perspectives of carbon-based nanocomposites for multifunctional applications 10.61882/jcc.6.3.7 1 Carbon-based nanocomposites are a new type of multifunctional materials that combine mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties in a unique and useful manner and have allowed the use of these materials to change technology. The latest trends indicate that there are many significant advancements occurring in the development of carbon nanotube-enhanced polymer nanocomposite materials. Carbon-based nano composites offer superior performance compared to other types of conventional materials. There is an ongoing direction toward developing innovative design and manufacturing techniques for carbon-based nanocomposites, through sustained investment into new product development, research, and development of next generation multi-functional carbon-based nanocomposite products for cutting-edge application technologies. 1 11 Maryam Irandoost Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran Iran maryamirandost@yahoo.com Fatemeh Heidari Department of Materials Engineering, Yasouj University, 75918-74934, Yasouj Iran f.heidari@yu.ac.ir Nanocomposites Carbon nanomaterials Multifunctional applications Energy storage Sensors Biomedical [1] S.K. Kumar, R. Krishnamoorti, Nanocomposites: structure, phase behavior, and properties, Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering 1(1) (2010) 37–58.##[2] E. Omanović-Mikličanin, A. Badnjević, A. Kazlagić, M. Hajlovac, Nanocomposites: a brief review, Health and Technology 10(1) (2020) 51–59.##[3] L.M. Manocha, J. Valand, N. Patel, A. Warrier, S. Manocha, Nanocomposites for structural applications, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 44(2) (2006) 135–142.##[4] P.H.C. Camargo, K.G. Satyanarayana, F. Wypych, Nanocomposites: synthesis, structure, properties and new application opportunities, Materials Research 12 (2009) 1–39.##[5] Y. Dzenis, Structural nanocomposites, Science 319(5862) (2008) 419–420.##[6] H. Liu, R. Jian, H. Chen, X. Tian, C. Sun, J. Zhu, Z. Yang, J. Sun, C. Wang, Application of biodegradable and biocompatible nanocomposites in electronics: current status and future directions, Nanomaterials 9(7) (2019) 950.##[7] M. Ul-Islam, M. Wajid Ullah, S. Khan, T. Kamal, S. Ul-Islam, N. Shah, J. Kon Park, Recent advancement in cellulose based nanocomposite for addressing environmental challenges, Recent patents on nanotechnology 10(3) (2016) 169–180.##[8] P.J. Harris, Carbon nanotube science: synthesis, properties and applications, Cambridge university press 2009.##[9] R. Sanjinés, M.D. Abad, C. Vâju, R. Smajda, M. Mionić, A. Magrez, Electrical properties and applications of carbon based nanocomposite materials: An overview, Surface and coatings technology 206(4) (2011) 727–733.##[10] Y. Zhu, Y. Feng, S. Chen, M. Ding, J. Yao, Carbon nitride nanotube-based materials for energy and environmental applications: a review of recent progresses, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8(48) (2020) 25626–25648.##[11] R. Rao, C.L. Pint, A.E. Islam, R.S. Weatherup, S. Hofmann, E.R. Meshot, F. Wu, C. Zhou, N. Dee, P.B. Amama, Carbon nanotubes and related nanomaterials: critical advances and challenges for synthesis toward mainstream commercial applications, ACS nano 12(12) (2018) 11756–11784.##[12] M. Baibarac, P. Gomez-Romero, M. Lira-Cantu, N. Casañ-Pastor, N. Mestres, S. Lefrant, Electrosynthesis of the poly (N-vinyl carbazole)/carbon nanotubes composite for applications in the supercapacitors field, European polymer journal 42(10) (2006) 2302–2312.##[13] H.M. Fahmy, E.S. Abu Serea, R.E. Salah-Eldin, S.A. Al-Hafiry, M.K. Ali, A.E. Shalan, S. Lanceros-Mendez, Recent progress in graphene-and related carbon-nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for early disease detection, ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering 8(3) (2022) 964–1000.##[14] S. Zheng, Y. Tian, J. Ouyang, Y. Shen, X. Wang, J. Luan, Carbon nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering, Frontiers in Chemistry 10 (2022) 990362.##[15] K.P. Gopinath, D.-V.N. Vo, D. Gnana Prakash, A. Adithya Joseph, S. Viswanathan, J. Arun, Environmental applications of carbon-based materials: a review, Environmental Chemistry Letters 19(1) (2021) 557–582.##[16] V.N. Popov, Carbon nanotubes: properties and application, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 43(3) (2004) 61–102.##[17] H. Dai, Carbon nanotubes: opportunities and challenges, Surface Science 500(1) (2002) 218–241.##[18] K. Kobashi, S. Ata, T. Yamada, D.N. Futaba, T. Okazaki, K. Hata, Classification of commercialized carbon nanotubes into three general categories as a guide for applications, ACS Applied Nano Materials 2(7) (2019) 4043–4047.##[19] M.J. Schulz, V.N. Shanov, Nanomedicine design of particles, sensors, motors, implants, robots, and devices, Artech House 2009.##[20] A. Yohannan, S. Vincent, N. Divakaran, A.K. Pottikadavath Venugopal, S. Patra, K. Ashish, S. Mohanty, Experimental and simulation studies of hybrid MWCNT/montmorillonite reinforced FDM based PLA filaments with multifunctional properties enhancement, Polymer Composites 45(1) (2024) 507–522.##[21] W.L. Baloch, R.A. Khushnood, W. Khaliq, Influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the residual performance of concrete exposed to high temperatures, Construction and Building Materials 185 (2018) 44–56.##[22] Y. Li, Y. Sun, J. Yeow, Nanotube field electron emission: principles, development, and applications, Nanotechnology 26(24) (2015) 242001.##[23] A. Ali, S.S. Rahimian Koloor, A.H. Alshehri, A. Arockiarajan, Carbon nanotube characteristics and enhancement effects on the mechanical features of polymer-based materials and structures – A review, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 24 (2023) 6495–6521.##[24] X.X. Wang, J.N. Wang, H. Chang, Y.F. Zhang, Preparation of short carbon nanotubes and application as an electrode material in Li‐ion batteries, Advanced Functional Materials 17(17) (2007) 3613–3618.##[25] H. Zare, S. Ahmadi, A. Ghasemi, M. Ghanbari, N. Rabiee, M. Bagherzadeh, M. Karimi, T.J. Webster, M.R. Hamblin, E. Mostafavi, Carbon nanotubes: Smart drug/gene delivery carriers, International Journal of Nanomedicine 16 (2021) 1681–1706.##[26] M. Xu, T. Liang, M. Shi, H. Chen, Graphene-like two-dimensional materials, Chemical Reviews 113(5) (2013) 3766–3798.##[27] A.B. Kaul, Two-dimensional layered materials: Structure, properties, and prospects for device applications, Journal of Materials Research 29(3) (2014) 348–361.##[28] P. Viprya, D. Kumar, S. Kowshik, Study of Different Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), Engineering Proceedings 37(1) (2023) 84.##[29] A.N. Ghulam, O.A.L. dos Santos, L. Hazeem, B. Pizzorno Backx, M. Bououdina, S. Bellucci, Graphene Oxide (GO) Materials—Applications and Toxicity on Living Organisms and Environment, Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13(2) (2022) 77.##[30] N. Sharma, V. Sharma, Y. Jain, M. Kumari, R. Gupta, S. Sharma, K. Sachdev, Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for gas sensing application, Macromolecular Symposia 376(1) (2017) 1700006.##[31] S.C. Ray, Application and uses of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, Applications of Graphene and Graphene-Oxide Based Nanomaterials (2015) 39–55.##[32] F. Bonaccorso, A. Lombardo, T. Hasan, Z. Sun, L. Colombo, A.C. Ferrari, Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals, Materials Today 15(12) (2012) 564–589.##[33] R. Sharma, K.K. Kar, Characteristics of carbon nanofibers, Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials I: Characteristics (2020) 215–245.##[34] Y.A. Kim, T. Hayashi, M. Endo, M.S. Dresselhaus, Carbon nanofibers, Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials (2013) 233–262.##[35] R. Sharma, K.K. Kar, Characteristics of Carbon Nanofibers, in: K.K. Kar (Ed.), Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials I: Characteristics, Springer International Publishing, Cham (2020) 215–245.##[36] D. Ozyurt, M.A. Kobaisi, R.K. Hocking, B. Fox, Properties, synthesis, and applications of carbon dots: A review, Carbon Trends 12 (2023) 100276.##[37] K. Jiang, S. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Lu, A. Wu, C. Cai, H. Lin, Red, green, and blue luminescence by carbon dots: full‐color emission tuning and multicolor cellular imaging, Angewandte Chemie 127(18) (2015) 5450–5453.##[38] V. Georgakilas, J.A. Perman, J. Tucek, R. Zboril, Broad Family of Carbon Nanoallotropes: Classification, Chemistry, and Applications of Fullerenes, Carbon Dots, Nanotubes, Graphene, Nanodiamonds, and Combined Superstructures, Chemical Reviews 115(11) (2015) 4744–4822.##[39] A.J. Clancy, M.K. Bayazit, S.A. Hodge, N.T. Skipper, C.A. Howard, M.S.P. Shaffer, Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes, Chemical Reviews 118(16) (2018) 7363–7408.##[40] Z. Qi, H. Zhang, A note on the cyclical edge-connectivity of fullerene graphs, Journal of Mathematical Chemistry 43(1) (2008) 134–140.##[41] X. Zhang, N. Zhao, C. He, The superior mechanical and physical properties of nanocarbon reinforced bulk composites achieved by architecture design–a review, Progress in Materials Science 113 (2020) 100672.##[42] S.Z. Al Sheheri, Z.M. Al-Amshany, Q.A. Al Sulami, N.Y. Tashkandi, M.A. Hussein, R.M. El-Shishtawy, The preparation of carbon nanofillers and their role on the performance of variable polymer nanocomposites, Designed monomers and polymers (2019).##[43] F.S.A. Khan, N. Mubarak, M. Khalid, M.M. Khan, Y.H. Tan, R. Walvekar, E. Abdullah, R.R. Karri, M.E. Rahman, Comprehensive review on carbon nanotubes embedded in different metal and polymer matrix: fabrications and applications, Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 47(6) (2022) 837–864.##[44] S. Tamayo-Vegas, A. Muhsan, C. Liu, M. Tarfaoui, K. Lafdi, The Effect of Agglomeration on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes, Polymers, 2022, p. 1842.##[45] R. Dubey, D. Dutta, A. Sarkar, P. Chattopadhyay, Functionalized carbon nanotubes: synthesis, properties and applications in water purification, drug delivery, and material and biomedical sciences, Nanoscale Adv 3(20) (2021) 5722–5744.##[46] M.C. Paiva, B. Zhou, K.A.S. Fernando, Y. Lin, J.M. Kennedy, Y.P. Sun, Mechanical and morphological characterization of polymer–carbon nanocomposites from functionalized carbon nanotubes, Carbon 42(14) (2004) 2849–2854.##[47] O.K. Abubakre, R.O. Medupin, I.B. Akintunde, O.T. Jimoh, A.S. Abdulkareem, R.A. Muriana, J.A. James, K.O. Ukoba, T.-C. Jen, K.O. Yoro, Carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites for sustainable biomedical applications: A review, Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 8(2) (2023) 100557.##[48] B. Huang, Carbon nanotubes and their polymeric composites: the applications in tissue engineering, Biomanufacturing Reviews 5(1) (2020) 3.##[49] N. Mohd Nurazzi, M.R.M. Asyraf, A. Khalina, et al., Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview, Polymers, 2021, p. 1047.##[50] S.E. Shin, H.J. Choi, J.Y. Hwang, D.H. Bae, Strengthening behavior of carbon/metal nanocomposites, Scientific Reports 5(1) (2015) 16114.##[51] M. Huda, M. Hashmi, M. El-Baradie, MMCs: materials, manufacturing and mechanical properties, Key engineering materials 104 (1995) 37–64.##[52] L. Singh, B. Singh, K.K. Saxena, Manufacturing techniques for metal matrix composites (MMC): an overview, Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies 6(2) (2020) 441–457.##[53] Z. Zhang, A. Yuvaraj, J. Di, S. Qian, Matrix design of light weight, high strength, high ductility ECC, Construction and Building Materials 210 (2019) 188–197.##[54] A. Osman, A. Elhakeem, S. Kaytbay, A. Ahmed, A comprehensive review on the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene-based multi-functional epoxy composites, Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 5(2) (2022) 547–605.##[55] X. Huang, Z. Yin, S. Wu, X. Qi, Q. He, Q. Zhang, Q. Yan, F. Boey, H. Zhang, Graphene‐based materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications, small 7(14) (2011) 1876–1902.##[56] K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D.-e. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, science 306(5696) (2004) 666–669.##[57] S.C. Tjong, Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 74(10) (2013) 281–350.##[58] G. Lalet, H. Kurita, J.-M. Heintz, G. Lacombe, A. Kawasaki, J.-F. Silvain, Thermal expansion coefficient and thermal fatigue of discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced copper and aluminum matrix composites without interfacial chemical bond, Journal of materials science 49(1) (2014) 397–402.##[59] S. Rul, F. Lefèvre-schlick, E. Capria, C. Laurent, A. Peigney, Percolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in ceramic matrix nanocomposites, Acta Materialia 52(4) (2004) 1061–1067.##[60] J. González-Julián, P. Miranzo, M.I. Osendi, M. Belmonte, Carbon nanotubes functionalization process for developing ceramic matrix nanocomposites, Journal of Materials Chemistry 21(16) (2011) 6063–6071.##[61] J. Cho, A.R. Boccaccini, M.S. Shaffer, Ceramic matrix composites containing carbon nanotubes, Journal of Materials Science 44(8) (2009) 1934–1951.##[62] E.T. Thostenson, Z. Ren, T.-W. Chou, Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review, Composites Science and Technology 61(13) (2001) 1899–1912.##[63] A. Azarniya, S. Sovizi, A. Azarniya, M.R. Rahmani Taji Boyuk, T. Varol, P. Nithyadharseni, H.R. Madaah Hosseini, S. Ramakrishna, M.V. Reddy, Physicomechanical properties of spark plasma sintered carbon nanotube-containing ceramic matrix nanocomposites, Nanoscale 9(35) (2017) 12779–12820.##[64] M. Ramezani, A. Dehghani, M.M. Sherif, Carbon nanotube reinforced cementitious composites: A comprehensive review, Construction and Building Materials 315 (2022) 125100.##[65] S. Mao, G. Lu, J. Chen, Three-dimensional graphene-based composites for energy applications, Nanoscale 7(16) (2015) 6924–6943.##[66] L. Ji, P. Meduri, V. Agubra, X. Xiao, M. Alcoutlabi, Graphene‐based nanocomposites for energy storage, Advanced Energy Materials 6(16) (2016) 1502159.##[67] D. Veeman, M.V. Shree, P. Sureshkumar, T. Jagadeesha, L. Natrayan, M. Ravichandran, P. Paramasivam, Sustainable development of carbon nanocomposites: synthesis and classification for environmental remediation, Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (2021) 5840645.##[68] S.S. Siwal, Q. Zhang, N. Devi, V.K. Thakur, Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite for High-Performance Energy Storage Applications, Polymers 12(3) (2020) 505.##[69] Z. Zhai, L. Zhang, T. Du, B. Ren, Y. Xu, S. Wang, J. Miao, Z. Liu, A review of carbon materials for supercapacitors, Materials and Design 221 (2022) 111017.##[70] Y. Duan, C. Li, Z. Ye, H. Li, Y. Yang, D. Sui, Y. Lu, Advances of carbon materials for dual-carbon lithium-ion capacitors: a review, Nanomaterials 12(22) (2022) 3954.##[71] C. Han, X. Wang, J. Peng, Q. Xia, S. Chou, G. Cheng, Z. Huang, W. Li, Recent progress on two-dimensional carbon materials for emerging post-lithium (Na+, K+, Zn2+) hybrid supercapacitors, Polymers 13(13) (2021) 2137.##[72] T.-W. Chen, P. Kalimuthu, P. Veerakumar, K.-C. Lin, S.-M. Chen, R. Ramachandran, V. Mariyappan, S. Chitra, Recent Developments in Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications: A Review, Molecules 27(3) (2022) 761.##[73] J.G. Manjunatha, B. Uslu, Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Electrodes, Materials 15(14) (2022) 4908.##[74] Y. Zhao, L.P. Wang, M.T. Sougrati, Z. Feng, Y. Leconte, A. Fisher, M. Srinivasan, Z. Xu, A Review on Design Strategies for Carbon Based Metal Oxides and Sulfides Nanocomposites for High Performance Li and Na Ion Battery Anodes, Advanced Energy Materials 7(9) (2017) 1601424.##[75] M.-S. Balogun, Y. Luo, W. Qiu, P. Liu, Y. Tong, A review of carbon materials and their composites with alloy metals for sodium ion battery anodes, Carbon 98 (2016) 162–178.##[76] W. Lu, R. Hartman, L. Qu, L. Dai, Nanocomposite Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2(6) (2011) 655–660.##[77] G.B. Pour, H.N. Fard, L.F. Aval, D. Dubal, Recent advances in Ni-materials/carbon nanocomposites for supercapacitor electrodes, Materials Advances 4(23) (2023) 6152–6174.##[78] P. You, S. Kamarudin, Recent progress of carbonaceous materials in fuel cell applications: An overview, Chemical Engineering Journal 309 (2017) 489–502.##[79] R.P. Pandey, G. Shukla, M. Manohar, V.K. Shahi, Graphene oxide based nanohybrid proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications: An overview, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 240 (2017) 15–30.##[80] S. Batool, M. Idrees, J. Kong, J. Zhang, S. Kong, M. Dong, H. Hou, J. Fan, H. Wei, Z. Guo, Assessment of the electrochemical behaviour of silicon@carbon nanocomposite anode for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 832 (2020) 154644.##[81] C. Choi, D.-Y. Lee, J.B. Park, D.-W. Kim, Separators Modified Using MoO2@Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites as Dual-Mode Li-Polysulfide Anchoring Materials for High-Performance Anti-Self-Discharge Lithium–Sulfur Batteries, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering 8(40) (2020) 15134–15148.##[82] A. Abbasnezhad, H. Asgharzadeh, A. Ansari Hamedani, S. Hayat Soytas, One-pot synthesis of tin chalcogenide-reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube nanocomposite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, Dalton Transactions 49(18) (2020) 5890–5897.##[83] M. Wang, Y. Li, J. Fang, C.J. Villa, Y. Xu, S. Hao, J. Li, Y. Liu, C. Wolverton, X. Chen, V.P. Dravid, Y. Lai, Superior Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Dot/Graphene Aerogel for All-Solid-State Flexible Al–Air Batteries, Advanced Energy Materials 10(3) (2020) 1902736.##[84] W. Li, Q. Ma, P. Shen, Y. Zhou, L. Soule, Y. Li, Y. Wu, H. Zhang, M. Logic, Yolk-shell structured CuSi2P3@Graphene nanocomposite anode for long-life and high-rate lithium-ion batteries, Nano Energy 80 (2021) 105506.##[85] X. Li, Y. Li, S. Xie, Y. Zhou, J. Rong, L. Dong, Zinc-based energy storage with functionalized carbon nanotube/polyaniline nanocomposite cathodes, Chemical Engineering Journal 427 (2022) 131799.##[86] J. Wang, W. Qin, X. Zhu, Y. Teng, Covalent organic frameworks (COF)/CNT nanocomposite for high performance and wide operating temperature lithium–sulfur batteries, Energy 199 (2020) 117372.##[87] J. Wang, J. Peng, W. Huang, H. Liang, Y. Hao, J. Li, H. Chu, H. Wei, Y. Zhang, J. Liu, Enabling Stable Zn Anode with PVDF/CNTs Nanocomposites Protective Layer Toward High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries, Advanced Functional Materials 34(26) (2024) 2316083.##[88] S.I. Ghazanlou, et al., Synthesis of ternary GNP-CNT-ZrO2 nanocomposite as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion batteries, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 128 (2023) 209–221.##[89] S. Khanna, et al., In-situ preparation of titania/graphene nanocomposite via a facile sol–gel strategy: A promising anodic material for Li-ion batteries, Materials Letters 300 (2021) 130143.##[90] R. Sinha, N. Roy, T.K. Mandal, SWCNT/ZnO nanocomposite decorated with carbon dots for photoresponsive supercapacitor applications, Chemical Engineering Journal 431 (2022) 133915.##[91] N. Zahra, et al., Fabrication of nickel ferrite@MWCNTs for super-capacitor applications, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 54(9) (2024) 1969–1981.##[92] S.A. El-Khodary, et al., Mesoporous silica anchored on reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as anode for superior lithium-ion capacitor, Rare Metals 41(2) (2022) 368–377.##[93] V. Sannasi, et al., H2O2-assisted microwave synthesis of NiO/CNT nanocomposite material for supercapacitor applications, Ionics 26(8) (2020) 4067–4079.##[94] Q. Liu, et al., Nickel-iron nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes prepared from waste plastics for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells, iScience 25(8) (2022) 104855.##[95] M.A. Haque, et al., Synthesis of polymer/MWCNT nanocomposite catalyst supporting materials for high-temperature PEM fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46(5) (2021) 4339–4353.##[96] L. Chai, et al., Fe7C3 nanoparticles with in situ grown CNT on nitrogen doped hollow carbon cube with greatly enhanced conductivity and ORR performance for alkaline fuel cell, Carbon 174 (2021) 531–539.##[97] Y. Sang, et al., Ultrafine and Highly Dispersed PtRu Alloy on Polyacrylic Acid-Grafted Carbon Nanotube@Tin Oxide Core/Shell Composites for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells, ACS Applied Energy Materials 5(4) (2022) 4179–4190.##[98] B.-R. Adhikari, M. Govindhan, A. Chen, Carbon Nanomaterials Based Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical and Biological Compounds, Sensors 15(9) (2015) 22490–22508.##[99] J. Mondal, et al., Carbon Nanotube and Its Derived Nanomaterials Based High Performance Biosensing Platform, Biosensors 12(9) (2022) 731.##[100] F. Schedin, et al., Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene, Nature Materials 6(9) (2007) 652–655.##[101] Y. Zhang, et al., Nanocarbon based composite electrodes and their application in microbial fuel cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5(25) (2017) 12673–12698.##[102] Y. Liu, J. Zhang, Y. Cheng, S. Jiang, Effect of carbon nanotubes on direct electron transfer and electrocatalytic activity of immobilized glucose oxidase, ACS Omega 3(1) (2018) 667–676.##[103] C.B. Jacobs, M.J. Peairs, B.J. Venton, Carbon nanotube based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules, Analytica Chimica Acta 662(2) (2010) 105–127.##[104] A. Kaur, et al., Nanocomposites of Carbon Quantum Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots: Environmental Applications as Sensors, Chemosensors 10(9) (2022) 367.##[105] Y. Liu, H. Teng, H. Hou, T. You, Nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on renewable electrospun Ni nanoparticle-loaded carbon nanofiber paste electrode, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24(11) (2009) 3329–3334.##[106] J. Zhang, et al., In situ growth cupric oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanofibers for sensitive nonenzymatic sensing of glucose, Electrochimica Acta 105 (2013) 433–438.##[107] K. Murtada, et al., Decoration of graphene oxide with copper selenide in supercritical carbon dioxide medium as a novel approach for electrochemical sensing of eugenol in various samples, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 153 (2019) 104597.##[108] M. Kurian, A. Paul, Recent trends in the use of green sources for carbon dot synthesis–A short review, Carbon Trends 3 (2021) 100032.##[109] C.-H. Kim, S.-Y. Lee, K.Y. Rhee, S.-J. Park, Carbon-based composites in biomedical applications: a comprehensive review of properties, applications, and future directions, Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials 7(2) (2024) 55.##[110] M. Rajabzadeh-Khosroshahi, et al., Chitosan/agarose/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite as an efficient pH-sensitive drug delivery system for anticancer curcumin releasing, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 74 (2022) 103443.##[111] Y. Li, R. Fu, Z. Duan, C. Zhu, D. Fan, Adaptive hydrogels based on nanozyme with dual‐enhanced triple enzyme‐like activities for wound disinfection and mimicking antioxidant defense system, Advanced healthcare materials 11(2) (2022) 2101849.##[112] T. Lu, Y. Chen, M. Sun, Y. Chen, W. Tu, Y. Zhou, X. Li, T. Hu, Multifunctional Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Wound Healing and Health Management, Gels, 2025, p. 345.##[113] B. Li, S. Harlepp, V. Gensbittel, C.J.R. Wells, O. Bringel, J.G. Goetz, S. Begin-Colin, M. Tasso, D. Begin, D. Mertz, Near infra-red light responsive carbon nanotubes@mesoporous silica for photothermia and drug delivery to cancer cells, Materials Today Chemistry 17 (2020) 100308.##[114] M. Bagherzadeh, M. Safarkhani, H. Daneshgar, F. Radmanesh, F. Taghavimandi, A.M. Ghadiri, M. Kiani, Y. Fatahi, N. Safari-Alighiarloo, S. Ahmadi, N. Rabiee, Magnetic carbon–based nanocomposite decorated with palladium complex for co-delivery of DOX/pCRISPR, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 78 (2022) 103917.##[115] M. Bagherzadeh, A. Aldhaher, S. Ahmadi, N. Baheiraei, N. Rabiee, Carbon-based nanocomposite decorated with bioactive glass and CoNi2S4 nanoparticles with potential for bone tissue engineering, OpenNano 8 (2022) 100102.##[116] M. Parvizifard, S. Karbasi, Physical, mechanical and biological performance of PHB-Chitosan/MWCNTs nanocomposite coating deposited on bioglass based scaffold: Potential application in bone tissue engineering, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 152 (2020) 645–662.##[117] R. Barabás, E. de Souza Ávila, L.O. Ladeira, L.M. Antônio, R. Tötös, D. Simedru, L. Bizo, O. Cadar, Graphene Oxides/Carbon Nanotubes–Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 45(1) (2020) 219–227.##[118] F.S.A. Khan, N.M. Mubarak, M. Khalid, R. Walvekar, E.C. Abdullah, A. Ahmad, R.R. Karri, H. Pakalapati, Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanorods reinforced with polypropylene for biomedical application, Scientific Reports 11(1) (2021) 843.##[119] J. Liu, X. Wang, A. Saberi, Z. Heydari, The effect of Co-encapsulated GNPs-CNTs nanofillers on mechanical properties, degradation and antibacterial behavior of Mg-based composite, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 138 (2023) 105601.##[120] C.D. Grande Tovar, J.I. Castro, C.H. Valencia, D.P. Navia Porras, J. Herminsul Mina Hernandez, M.E. Valencia Zapata, M.N. Chaur, Nanocomposite Films of Chitosan-Grafted Carbon Nano-Onions for Biomedical Applications, Molecules, 2020, p. 1203.##[121] B. Murugesan, N. Pandiyan, K. Kasinathan, A. Rajaiah, M. Arumuga, P. Subramanian, J. Sonamuthu, S. Samayanan, V.R. Arumugam, K. Marimuthu, C. Yurong, S. Mahalingam, Fabrication of heteroatom doped NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT nanocomposite from imidazolium ionic liquid functionalized MWCNT for antibiofilm and wound healing in Wistar rats: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo studies, Materials Science and Engineering: C 111 (2020) 110791.##[122] F. Norouzi, M. Pourmadadi, F. Yazdian, K. Khoshmaram, J. Mohammadnejad, M.H. Sanati, F. Chogan, A. Rahdar, F. Baino, PVA-Based Nanofibers Containing Chitosan Modified with Graphene Oxide and Carbon Quantum Dot-Doped TiO2 Enhance Wound Healing in a Rat Model, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 2022, p. 300.##[123] A.A. Aly, M.K. Ahmed, Nanofibers of cellulose acetate containing ZnO nanoparticles/graphene oxide for wound healing applications, International Journal of Pharmaceutics 598 (2021) 120325.##[124] M.S. Khan, S. Pandey, M.L. Bhaisare, G. Gedda, A. Talib, H.-F. Wu, Graphene oxide@gold nanorods for chemo-photothermal treatment and controlled release of doxorubicin in mice Tumor, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 160 (2017) 543–552.